1
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Stevens MP, Spray E, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Singh K, Timmermann VM, Sotorrios L, Macgregor SA, Ortu F. Synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of group 2 complexes with a thiopyridyl scorpionate ligand. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11922-11936. [PMID: 35876311 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the reactivity of the proligand tris(2-pyridylthio)methane (HTptm) with various Alkaline Earth (AE) reagents: (1) dialkylmagnesium reagents and (2) AE bis-amides (AE = Mg-Ba). Heteroleptic complexes of general formulae [Mg(Tptm)(R)] (R = Me, nBu; Tptm = {C(S-C5H4N)3}-) and [AE(Tptm)(N'')] (AE = Mg-Ba; N'' = {N(SiMe3)2}-) were targeted from the reaction of HTptm with R2Mg or [AE(N'')2]2. Reaction of the proligand with dialkylmagnesium reagents led to formation of [{Mg(κ3C,N,N-C{Bu}{S-C5H4N}2)(μ-S-C5H4N)}2] (1) and [{Mg(κ3C,N,N-C{Me}{S-C5H4N}2)(μ-OSiMe3)}2] (2) respectively, as a result of a novel transfer of an alkyl group onto the methanide carbon with concomitant C-S bond cleavage. However, reactivity of bis-amide precursors for Mg and Ca did afford the target species [AE(Tptm)(N'')] (3-AE; AE = Mg-Ca), although these proved susceptible to ligand degradation processes. DFT calculations show that alkyl transfer in the putative [Mg(Tptm)(nBu)] (1m') system and amide transfer in 3-Ca is a facile process that induces C-S bond cleavage in the Tptm ligand. 3-Mg and 3-Ca were also tested as catalysts for the hydrophosphination of selected alkenes and alkynes, including the first example of mono-hydrophosphination of 4-ethynylpyridine which was achieved with high conversions and excellent regio- and stereochemical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Stevens
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
| | - Emily Spray
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
| | | | - Kuldip Singh
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
| | - Vanessa M Timmermann
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
| | - Lia Sotorrios
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Fabrizio Ortu
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK.
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2
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Mandel MJ, Krieck S, Görls H, Westerhausen M. Bulky Hybrid
C‐
Scorpionate/Amidinate Complexes of Lithium and Zinc. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miles J. Mandel
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sven Krieck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
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3
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Westerhausen M, J. M, Görls H. Synthesis and Structure of a New Bulky Hybrid Scorpionate/Cyclopentadienyl Ligand and its Lithium Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Westerhausen M, Mandel MJ, Müller C, Görls H, Krieck S. Metalation of Aryl‐bis(3‐alkyl‐5‐methylpyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (Alkyl = Me, Ad; Aryl = Ph, C6H4‐2‐OH) with NaN(SiMe3)2, KN(SiMe3)2, and Ca{N(SiMe3)2}2. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miles J. Mandel
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christoph Müller
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Helmar Görls
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Sven Krieck
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry GERMANY
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5
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Sánchez-Roa D, Mosquera MEG, Cámpora J. NHC-CDI Betaine Adducts and Their Cationic Derivatives as Catalyst Precursors for Dichloromethane Valorization. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16725-16735. [PMID: 34724613 PMCID: PMC8650018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Zwitterionic adducts
of N-heterocyclic carbene and carbodiimide
(NHC-CDI) are an emerging class of organic compounds with promising
properties for applications in various fields. Herein, we report the
use of the ICyCDI(p-Tol) betaine adduct (1a) and its cationic derivatives 2a and 3a as catalyst precursors for the dichloromethane valorization via
transformation into high added value products CH2Z2 (Z = OR, SR or NR2). This process implies selective
chloride substitution of dichloromethane by a range of nucleophiles
Na+Z– (preformed or generated in situ from HZ and an inorganic base) to yield formaldehyde-derived
acetals, dithioacetals, or aminals with full selectivity. The reactions
are conducted in a multigram-scale under very mild conditions, using
dichloromethane both as a reagent and solvent, and very low catalyst
loading (0.01 mol %). The CH2Z2 derivatives
were isolated in quantitative yields after filtration and evaporation,
which facilitates recycling the dichloromethane excess. Mechanistic
studies for the synthesis of methylal CH2(OMe)2 rule out organocatalysis as being responsible for the CH2 transfer, and a phase-transfer catalysis mechanism is proposed instead.
Furthermore, we observed that 1a and 2a react
with NaOMe to form unusual isoureate ethers, which are the actual
phase-transfer catalysts, with a strong preference for sodium over
other alkali metal nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Roa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcala de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
| | - Marta E G Mosquera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Alcala de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain
| | - Juan Cámpora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, C/Américo Vespucio, 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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6
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Wagner HE, Hohnstein S, Schußmann MG, Steppe LA, Breher F. Phosphine-functionalised tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligands and their mono- and heterobimetallic complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15397-15407. [PMID: 31180415 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of new phosphine-functionalised tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligands (TpmPR2, 2a-c, with R = Ph, nBu, iPr) are presented. The reaction of 2a-c with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 furnished N,P-heterochelate carbonyl complexes (3a-c), which were used to quantify the donor abilities of the ligands via IR spectroscopy. The coordination flexibility was demonstrated by treating representative members of this new ligand class with [CpRu(acn)3][PF6] (acn = acetonitrile), [(tht)AuCl] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) and [Pd(allyl)Cl]2 providing either a N,N,P-heteroscorpionate complex (4) or the P-coordinated complexes (5,6) without any involvement of the pyrazolyl entities. With 2a and [Pd(cod)Cl2], another P,N-heterochelate complex (7) was obtained, which served as a precursor for a heterobimetallic complex containing palladium and copper (8). Detailed NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic investigations have been performed on all new complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Silvia Hohnstein
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Max G Schußmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Lukas A Steppe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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7
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Junges C, Dresch L, Costa M, Tirloni B, Casagrande O, Stieler R. Pyrazolyl‐phosphinoyl nickel (II) complexes: synthesis, characterization and ethylene dimerization studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.H. Junges
- Laboratório de Catálise MolecularInstituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 90501‐970 Brazil
| | - L.C. Dresch
- Laboratório de Catálise MolecularInstituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 90501‐970 Brazil
| | - M.T. Costa
- Laboratório de Catálise MolecularInstituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 90501‐970 Brazil
| | - B. Tirloni
- Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria Av. Roraima, 1000 Santa Maria RS 97105‐900 Brazil
| | - O.L. Casagrande
- Laboratório de Catálise MolecularInstituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 90501‐970 Brazil
| | - R. Stieler
- Laboratório de Catálise MolecularInstituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 90501‐970 Brazil
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8
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Gaona MA, de la Cruz-Martínez F, Fernández-Baeza J, Sánchez-Barba LF, Alonso-Moreno C, Rodríguez AM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Castro-Osma JA, Otero A, Lara-Sánchez A. Synthesis of helical aluminium catalysts for cyclic carbonate formation. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4218-4227. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helical aluminium complexes have been prepared and used as catalysts for cyclic carbonate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Gaona
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- 13071-Ciudad Real
| | - Felipe de la Cruz-Martínez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- 13071-Ciudad Real
| | - Juan Fernández-Baeza
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- 13071-Ciudad Real
| | - Luis F. Sánchez-Barba
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Departamento de Biología y Geología
- Física y Química Inorgánica
- Móstoles
- Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- 02071-Albacete
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- 13071-Ciudad Real
| | | | - José A. Castro-Osma
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- 02071-Albacete
| | - Antonio Otero
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- 13071-Ciudad Real
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas
- 13071-Ciudad Real
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9
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Kalden D, Krieck S, Görls H, Westerhausen M. Coordination Chemistry of N
-(2-Pyridylethyl)-Substituted Bulky Amidinates and Triazenides of Magnesium. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kalden
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sven Krieck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
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10
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Dufrois Q, Mallet‐Ladeira S, Dinoi C, Etienne M. Cyclopropylmagnesium Scorpionates: A Missing Member of the Series with Both Staggered and Eclipsed Rotamers in the Crystal. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dufrois
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC) 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse UPS, INPT, LCC 31077 France
| | - Sonia Mallet‐Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (FR 2599) Université Paul Sabatier 118 route de Narbonne 31062 France
| | - Chiara Dinoi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC) 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse UPS, INPT, LCC 31077 France
| | - Michel Etienne
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC) 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse UPS, INPT, LCC 31077 France
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11
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Ridlen SG, Kulkarni NV, Dias HVR. Monoanionic, Bis(pyrazolyl)methylborate [(Ph 3B)CH(3,5-(CH 3) 2Pz) 2)] - as a Supporting Ligand for Copper(I)-ethylene, cis-2-Butene, and Carbonyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:7237-7246. [PMID: 28541048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The monoanionic bidentate ligand [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]- has been prepared from lithium bis(pyrazolyl)methanide and triphenylborane. This useful new ligand is closely related to the well-established bis(pyrazolyl)borate and bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligands but has key differences to both analogues as well. The ethylene, cis-2-butene, and carbon monoxide adducts [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2]Cu(L) (where L = C2H4, cis-CH3HC═CHCH3, and CO) have been prepared from [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Li(THF), copper(I) triflate, and the corresponding coligand. These complexes have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In all cases the bis(pyrazolyl) moiety is bound in κ2N fashion with the BPh3 group rotated to sit over the metal center, sometimes coordinating to the metal via phenyl carbons as in [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Li(THF) and [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2]Cu(CO) or simply hovering above the metal site as in [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Cu(C2H4) and [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Cu(cis-CH3HC═CHCH3). The 13C and 1H resonances of the ethylene carbon and protons of [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2)]Cu(C2H4) appear at δ 81.0 and 3.71 ppm in CD2Cl2, respectively. The characteristic CO frequency for [(Ph3B)CH(3,5-(CH3)2Pz)2]Cu(CO) has been observed at υ̅ 2092 cm-1 by infrared spectroscopy and is lower than that of free CO suggesting moderate M → CO π-back-donation. A detailed analysis of these complexes has been presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn G Ridlen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Naveen V Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - H V Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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12
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Amenta DS, Liebing P, Biero JE, Sherman RJ, Gilje JW, Edelmann FT. Synthesis and crystal structures of three new benzotriazolylpropanamides. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2017; 73:880-885. [PMID: 28638650 PMCID: PMC5458315 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989017007472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The base-catalyzed Michael addition of 2-methyl-acryl-amide to benzotriazole afforded 3-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-2-methyl-propanamide, C10H12N4O (1), in 32% yield in addition to small amounts of isomeric 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-2-methyl-propanamide, C10H12N4O (2). In a similar manner, 3-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N-di-methyl-propanamide, C11H14N4O (3), was prepared from benzotriazole and N,N-di-methyl-acryl-amide. All three products have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 comprise infinite arrays formed by N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N bridges, as well as π-π inter-actions, while the mol-ecules of 3 are aggregated to simple π-dimers in the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna S. Amenta
- Chemistry Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Phil Liebing
- Chemisches Institut der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia E. Biero
- Chemistry Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Robert J. Sherman
- Chemistry Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - John W. Gilje
- Chemistry Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Frank T. Edelmann
- Chemisches Institut der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Alkorta I, Claramunt RM, Díez-Barra E, Elguero J, de la Hoz A, López C. The organic chemistry of poly(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)methanes. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Rodríguez-Venegas E, García-Báez EV, Martínez-Martínez FJ, Cruz A, Padilla-Martínez II. Solventless Synthesis of Poly(pyrazolyl)phenyl-methane Ligands and Thermal Transformation of Tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)phenylmethane. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030441. [PMID: 28287474 PMCID: PMC6155200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The solventless synthesis of tris(pyrazolyl)phenylmethane ligands of formula C₆H₅C(PzR2)₃ (R = H, Me), starting from PhCCl₃ and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (PzMe2) or pyrazole (Pz) was performed. The sterically crowded C₆H₅C(PzMe2)₃ is thermally transformed into the bis(pyrazolyl)(p-pyrazolyl)phenylmethane ligand PzMe2-C₆H₄CH(PzMe2)₂. In this compound both PzMe2 rings are linked through the N-atom to the methine C-atom. At higher temperatures, the binding mode of PzMe2 changes from N1 to C4. All transformations occurred via quinonoid carbocation intermediates that undergo an aromatic electrophilic substitution on the 4-position of PzMe2. Reaction conditions were established to obtain five tris(pyrazolyl)phenylmethane ligands in moderate to good yields. ¹H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction of single crystals support the proposed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Rodríguez-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México C.P. 07340, Mexico.
| | - Efrén V García-Báez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México C.P. 07340, Mexico.
| | - Francisco J Martínez-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, Km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán C.P. 28400, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Cruz
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México C.P. 07340, Mexico.
| | - Itzia I Padilla-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México C.P. 07340, Mexico.
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15
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16
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Li H, Aquino AJA, Cordes DB, Hase WL, Krempner C. Electronic nature of zwitterionic alkali metal methanides, silanides and germanides - a combined experimental and computational approach. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1316-1328. [PMID: 28451273 PMCID: PMC5360169 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zwitterionic group 14 complexes of the alkali metals of formula [C(SiMe2OCH2CH2OMe)3M], (M-1), [Si(SiMe2OCH2CH2OMe)3M], (M-2), [Ge(SiMe2OCH2CH2OMe)3M], (M-3), where M = Li, Na or K, have been prepared, structurally characterized and their electronic nature was investigated by computational methods. Zwitterions M-2 and M-3 were synthesized via reactions of [Si(SiMe2OCH2CH2OMe)4] (2) and [Ge(SiMe2OCH2CH2OMe)4] (3) with MOBu t (M = Li, Na or K), resp., in almost quantitative yields, while M-1 were prepared from deprotonation of [HC(SiMe2OCH2CH2OMe)3] (1) with LiBu t , NaCH2Ph and KCH2Ph, resp. X-ray crystallographic studies and DFT calculations in the gas-phase, including calculations of the NPA charges confirm the zwitterionic nature of these compounds, with the alkali metal cations being rigidly locked and charge separated from the anion by the internal OCH2CH2OMe donor groups. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and the second order perturbation theory analysis of the NBOs reveal significant hyperconjugative interactions in M-1-M-3, primarily between the lone pair and the antibonding Si-O orbitals, the extent of which decreases in the order M-1 > M-2 > M-3. The experimental basicities and the calculated gas-phase basicities of M-1-M-3 reveal the zwitterionic alkali metal methanides M-1 to be significantly stronger bases than the analogous silanides M-2 and germanium M-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Texas Tech University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - A J A Aquino
- Texas Tech University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - D B Cordes
- Texas Tech University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - W L Hase
- Texas Tech University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
| | - C Krempner
- Texas Tech University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Box 41061 , Lubbock , Texas 79409-1061 , USA .
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17
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Kalden D, Oberheide A, Loh C, Görls H, Krieck S, Westerhausen M. Surprisingly Different Reaction Behavior of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Bis(trimethylsilyl)amides toward Bulky N
-(2-Pyridylethyl)-N′
-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)pivalamidine. Chemistry 2016; 22:10944-59. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kalden
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University; Humboldstrasse 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ansgar Oberheide
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University; Humboldstrasse 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Claas Loh
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University; Humboldstrasse 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University; Humboldstrasse 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sven Krieck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University; Humboldstrasse 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich Schiller University; Humboldstrasse 8 07743 Jena Germany
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18
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Augenstein T, Dorner F, Reiter K, Wagner HE, Garnier D, Klopper W, Breher F. A Boron-Fluorinated Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Ligand (F
Tp*) and Its Mono- and Dinuclear Copper Complexes [Cu(F
Tp*)2
] and [Cu2
(F
Tp*)2
]: Synthesis, Structures, and DFT Calculations. Chemistry 2016; 22:7935-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Augenstein
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Franziska Dorner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kevin Reiter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hanna E. Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstr. 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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