1
|
Del Pino JMV, Scalambra F, Bermejo-Casadesús C, Massaguer A, García-Maroto F, Romerosa A. Study of the biological activity of photoactive bipyridyl-Ru(II) complexes containing 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA). J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112291. [PMID: 37352655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble ruthenium complex cis-[Ru(dcbpyH)2(PTAH)2]Cl2·3H2O (1) (dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine; PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) has been synthesized and characterised by NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The optical properties of 1 were studied, including photoactivation under visible light, as well as its biological properties, together with those of the previously published Ru complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)2(PTA)2]Cl2 (2), trans-[Ru(bpy)2(PTA)2](CF3SO3)2 (3) and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(H2O)(PTA)](CF3SO3)2 (4) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Anticancer activities of the complexes against human lung (A549), cervical (HeLa) and prostate (PC3) carcinoma cells were evaluated under dark conditions and upon photoactivation with visible light. None of the complexes exhibited cytotoxic activity in the absence of light irradiation (IC50 > 100 μM). However, after photoactivation, the cytotoxicity of complexes 1, 2 and 3 against the three cell lines markedly increased, resulting in IC50 values between 25.3 μM and 9.3 μM. Notably, these complexes did not show toxicity against red blood cells. These findings show the potential of complexes 1, 2 and, particularly, 3 for selective and controlled cancer photochemotherapy. The reactivity of the Ru complexes against DNA under UV-Vis irradiation was studied by analysing plasmid mobility. Experimental data shows that 4 unfolds supercoiled DNA (SC DNA) both in the dark and under visible irradiation, while 1 and 3 are only active under light, being 2 inactive in either case. The unfolding activities of complexes 3 and 4 were dependent on the air present in the reaction. The measured intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon irradiation with complexes 1, 2 and 3 suggest that their mechanism of action is related to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alguacil A, Scalambra F, Romerosa A. Insights into the κ-P,N Coordination of 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane and Derivatives: κ-P,N-Heterometallic Complexes and a 15N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Survey. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5779-5791. [PMID: 35378037 PMCID: PMC9019812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Complexes {[(PTA)2CpRu-μ-CN-1κC:2κ2N-RuCp(PTA)2-ZnCl3]}·2DMSO (13) {[ZnCl2(H2O)]-(PTA-1κP:2κ2N)(PTA)CpRu-μ-CN-1κC:2κ2N-RuCp(PTA)(PTA-1κP:2κ2N)-[ZnCl2(H2O)]}Cl (14), [RuCp(HdmoPTA)(PPh3)(PTA)](CF3SO3)2 (20), [RuCp(HdmoPTA)(HPTA)(PPh3)](CF3SO3)3 (21), and [RuCp(dmoPTA)(PPh3)(PTA)](CF3SO3) (22) were obtained
and characterized, and their crystal structure together with that
of the previously published complex 18 is reported. The
behavior of the 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane (PTA)
and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (dmoPTA)
ligands against protonation and κN-coordination
is discussed, on the basis of 15N nuclear magnetic resonance
data collected on 22 different compounds, including PTA (1), HdmoPTA (7H), and some common derivatives as free
ligands (2–6 and 8), along with mono-
and polymetallic complexes containing PTA and/or HdmoPTA (9–22). 15N detection via 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond correlation allowed the construction
of a small library of 15N chemical shifts that shed light
on important features regarding κN-coordination
in PTA and its derivatives. To shed light
on the behavior of the triazaphosphines 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane
(PTA) and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane
(dmoPTA) upon κN coordination and N protonation, the 15N chemical shifts of 22 compounds, including PTA and a representative
variety of its derivatives, piano-stool complexes, were collected
by 1H−15N heteronuclear multiple bond
correlation nuclear magnetic resonance. New heterometallic complexes
containing PTA were also synthesized and fully characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alguacil
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cuéllar E, Diez-Varga A, Torroba T, Domingo-Legarda P, Alemán J, Cabrera S, Martín-Alvarez JM, Miguel D, Villafañe F. Luminescent cis-Bis(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Complexes with 1,2-Azolylamidino Ligands: Photophysical, Electrochemical Studies, and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Thioethers. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7008-7022. [PMID: 33905238 PMCID: PMC8812113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New 1,2-azolylamidino complexes cis-[Ru(bipy)2(NH═C(R)az*-κ2N,N)](OTf)2 (R = Me, Ph; az* = pz, indz, dmpz) are synthesized via chloride abstraction after a subsequent base-catalyzed coupling of a nitrile with the previously coordinated 1,2-azole. The synthetic procedure allows the easy obtainment of complexes having different electronic and steric 1,2-azoylamidino ligands. All of the compounds have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR and IR spectroscopy and by monocrystal X-ray diffraction. Photophysical studies support their phosphorescence, whereas their electrochemistry reveals reversible RuII/RuIII oxidations between +1.13 and +1.25 V (vs SCE). The complexes have been successfully used as catalysts in the photooxidation of different thioethers, the complex cis-[Ru(bipy)2(NH═C(Me)dmpz-κ2N,N)]2+ showing better catalytic performance in comparison to that of [Ru(bipy)3]2+. Moreover, the significant catalytic performance of the dimethylpyrazolylamidino complex is applied to the preparation of the drug modafinil, which is obtained using ambient oxygen as an oxidant. Finally, mechanistic assays suggest that the oxidation reaction follows a photoredox route via oxygen radical anion formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cuéllar
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Diez-Varga
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Pablo Domingo-Legarda
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Martín-Alvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Villafañe
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Miguel Delibes, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vidal A, Battistin F, Milani B, Balducci G, Alessio E. Stereoisomeric Control in [RuCl
2
(PTA)
2
(2L)] Complexes (2L=2py or bpy): From Theoretical Calculations to a 2+2 Metallacycle of Pyridylporphyrins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Vidal
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Federica Battistin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Current address: IMDEA Nanociencia Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Barbara Milani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scalambra F, Imberti S, Holzmann N, Bernasconi L, Romerosa A. Neutron Scattering Techniques for Studying Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solution. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1751-1757. [PMID: 33521416 PMCID: PMC7841769 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutron scattering combined with ab initio calculations provides a powerful tool for studying metal complexes in different solvents and, particularly, in water. The majority of traditional characterization techniques in catalysis provide only limited information on homogeneous catalytic processes. Neutron scattering, on the other hand, thanks to its sensitivity to hydrogen atoms, and therefore water molecules, can be used to build detailed models of reaction paths and to observe, at a molecular level, the influence of solvent molecules on a catalytic process. In this Mini-Review we describe several examples on how neutron scattering combined with ab initio calculations can be used to examine the nature of the interaction of water molecules with catalytically active metal complexes in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scalambra
- Área
de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Silvia Imberti
- Global
Journals Development, ACS International
Ltd., Oxford OX2 0QS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Scientific
Computing Department, STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX U.K.
| | - Leonardo Bernasconi
- Center
for Research Computing, University of Pittsburgh, 4420 Bayard Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área
de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Photochemical and antibacterial properties of ruthenium complex of N,N’-bis(benzimidazole-2yl-ethyl)ethylenediamine under visible light: Experimental and theoretical studies. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
7
|
Battistin F, Vidal A, Balducci G, Alessio E. Investigating the reactivity of neutral water-soluble Ru(ii)–PTA carbonyls towards the model imine ligands pyridine and 2,2′-bipyridine. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26717-26727. [PMID: 35515784 PMCID: PMC9055427 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05898j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of selected Ru(ii)-PTA carbonyls with potentially labile ligands (i.e. H2O, dmso and/or Cl) towards the model imine ligands pyridine and 2,2′-bipyridine was investigated, yielding several neutral and cationic water-soluble derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Battistin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Alessio Vidal
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Photophysical, electrochemical, and DFT studies of the novel azacrown-bridged dinuclear ruthenium dye sensitizers for solar cells. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
9
|
Scalambra F, Holzmann N, Bernasconi L, Imberti S, Romerosa A. The Interaction of Water with cis
and trans
{Ru(bpy)2
(PTA)2
}2+
(PTA = 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) Studied by Neutron Scattering and Ab Initio Calculations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL; Universidad de Almería; Carretera Sacramento s/n Almería Spain
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Scientific Computing Department; STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Harwell Oxford Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Leonardo Bernasconi
- Center for Research Computing; University of Pittsburgh; 312 Schenley Place, 4420 Bayard Street Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Silvia Imberti
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source; STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Harwell Oxford Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL; Universidad de Almería; Carretera Sacramento s/n Almería Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Battistin F, Balducci G, Milani B, Alessio E. Water-Soluble Ruthenium(II) Carbonyls with 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphoadamantane. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6991-7005. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Battistin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Milani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tseng TW, Mendiratta S, Luo TT, Chen TW, Lee YP. A new route to constructing rhenium(I)-based 8-hydroxyquinolate complexes: Synthesis, structures and luminescent properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
12
|
Scalambra F, Holzmann N, Bernasconi L, Imberti S, Romerosa A. Water Participation in Catalysis: An Atomistic Approach to Solvent Effects in the Catalytic Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Leonardo Bernasconi
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Silvia Imberti
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería 04120, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guerriero A, Peruzzini M, Gonsalvi L. Coordination chemistry of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1]decane (PTA) and derivatives. Part III. Variations on a theme: Novel architectures, materials and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Wołoszyn A, Pettinari C, Pettinari R, Badillo Patzmay GV, Kwiecień A, Lupidi G, Nabissi M, Santoni G, Smoleński P. Ru(ii)-(PTA) and -mPTA complexes with N 2-donor ligands bipyridyl and phenanthroline and their antiproliferative activities on human multiple myeloma cell lines. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10073-10081. [PMID: 28731114 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel ruthenium(ii) 2,2'-bipyridyl (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) derivatives containing PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) or mPTA (N-methyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane cation) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Three types of complexes have been obtained, neutral [Ru(N-N)(PTA)2Cl2] (1, N-N = bpy and 4, N-N = phen), monocationic [Ru(N-N)(PTA)3Cl][Cl] (2, N-N = bpy and 5, N-N = phen) and dicationic [Ru(N-N)(mPTA)Cl2][BF4]2 (3, N-N = bpy and 6, N-N = phen). The solid-state structures of four complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxicity of the complexes has been evaluated in vitro against U266 and RPMI human multiple myeloma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wołoszyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Claudio Pettinari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Pettinari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Kwiecień
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211 A, 50-566 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Scalambra F, Serrano-Ruiz M, Romerosa A. Water and catalytic isomerization of linear allylic alcohols by [RuCp(H2O-κO)(PTA)2]+(PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane). Dalton Trans 2017; 46:5864-5871. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04262g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The water soluble complex [RuCp(H2O-κO)(PTA)2]+showed to be an excellent catalyst for the isomerization of allylic alcohols from 3-buten-2-ol to 1-octen-3-ol in water, which was mandatory for obtaining the best conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Almería
- Almería
- Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ruiz
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Almería
- Almería
- Spain
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Almería
- Almería
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|