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Wang B, Li WL. Revisiting the quasi-aromaticity in polynuclear metal chalcogenide clusters and their derivative "cluster-assembly" crystalline structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17370-17382. [PMID: 38860760 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The concept of aromaticity is primarily invented to account for the high stability of conjugated organic compounds that possess a specific structural and chemical stability with (4n + 2) π electrons. In 1988, quasi-aromaticity was theoretically proposed for the Mo3S44+ core in the Mo3(μ3-S)(μ-S)3(χ-dtp)3(μ-dtp) L compound (χ: chelating ligand; dtp: (EtO)2PS2-) illustrated by canonical molecular orbitals. However, the origin of the quasi-aromaticity and chemical bonding remains ambiguous, lacking a thorough analysis in terms of stability and quantitative measurement of the aromatic character. Thus, in this work, we systematically reported the electronic structure and aromaticity of a series of polynuclear metal chalcogenide clusters [M3X4(H2O)9]4+ (M = Cr, Mo, W, and Sg; X = O, S, Se, and Te) to explore an efficient tool of NICS index values at specific points to measure the quasi-aromaticity and to figure out the (d-p-d) π three-center bonding as the predominant origin from the arrangement of three Mo atoms and three bridged X atoms. Interestingly, derived from the Mo3⋯S3 quasi-plane, the extended sandwich cluster model of a S3⋯Mo3⋯S3 (Mo3S6) structure can be seen as the seed unit of the popular MoS2 nanomaterials, with the resemblance between both molecular and periodic systems regarding geometries, electronic structures, and chemical bonding. Additionally, the highly symmetric Mo3S4 core in [Mo3X4(H2O)9]4+ can be arranged in a staggered and stacked manner to create the Mo6S82- building block, corresponding to the crystalline structures in BaMo6S8 Chevrel phases, albeit with slight deformations. But the neutral Mo6S8 cluster can be seen as the seed structure for the Mo3S4 periodic materials for the high resemblance in terms of geometry, electronic structures and chemical bonding. Drawing upon the observed similarities between cluster models and materials, we propose a new concept termed "cluster-assembly" materials. This concept involves the expansion from a high-symmetry and/or aromatic stable cluster seed unit to form the corresponding derivative materials, presenting an alternative paradigm for investigating crystals and enriching our comprehension of the stabilities exhibited by both gas-phase clusters and solid-state materials. The concept of "cluster-assembly" materials not only contributes to the formulation of design strategies for novel materials or stable clusters but also provides valuable insights into the extension of periodic aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochu Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wan-Lu Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
- Program of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Siberchicot B, Aupiais J. Bond-bending isomerism and metallophilicity in metal-halogen anions (Cu,Ag,Au) 2X 3 -, X = F, Cl, Br, I, At. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7129-7134. [PMID: 36875882 PMCID: PMC9979621 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07457e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the framework of DFT (ABINIT package), we have performed atomic relaxations on the (Cu,Ag,Au)2X3 -, X = F, Cl, Br, I, At anion series. Opposite to linear (MX2)- anions, all (M2X3)- systems are triangular (C 2v symmetry). According to the system, we classified these anions in three categories according to the relative strength of electronegativity, chemical hardness, metallophilicity and van der Waals interaction. We found two bond-bending isomers: (Au2I3)- and (Au2At3)-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Siberchicot
- CEA, DAM, DIF F-92297 Arpajon France .,CEA, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, Université Paris-Saclay F-91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel France
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Investigation on Gold-Ligand Interaction for Complexes from Gold Leaching: A DFT Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031508. [PMID: 36771174 PMCID: PMC9919113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold leaching is an important process to extract gold from ore. Conventional alkaline cyanide process and alternative nontoxic lixiviants including thiosulfate, thiourea, thiocyanate, and halogen have been widely investigated. However, density functional theory (DFT) study on the gold complexes Au(CN)2-, Au(S2O3)23-, Au[SC(NH2)2]2+, Au(SCN)2-, and AuCl2- required for discovering and designing new highly efficient and environmentally friendly gold leaching reagents is lacking, which is expected to support constructive information for the discovery and designation of new high-efficiency and environmentally friendly gold leaching reagents. In this study, the structure information, electron-transferring properties, orbital interaction, and chemical bond composition for complexes Au(CN)2-, Au(S2O3)23-, Au[SC(NH2)2]2+, Au(SCN)2-, and AuCl2- depending on charge decomposition analysis (CDA), natural bond orbital (NBO), natural resonance theory (NRT), electron localization function (ELF), and energy decomposition analysis (EDA) were performed based on DFT calculation. The results indicate that there is not only σ-donation from ligand to Au+, but also electron backdonation from Au+ to ligands, which strengthens the coordinate bond between them. Compared with Cl-, ligands CN-, S2O32-, SC(NH2)2, and SCN- have very large covalent contribution to the coordinate bond with Au+, which explains the special stability of Au-CN and Au-S bonds. The degree of covalency and bond energy in Au-ligand bonding decreases from Au(CN)2-, Au(S2O3)23-, Au[SC(NH2)2]2+, Au(SCN)2-, to AuCl2-, which interprets the stability of the five complexes: Au(CN)2- > Au(S2O3)23- > Au[SC(NH2)2]2+ > Au(SCN)2- > AuCl2-.
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Yu X, Li D, Wang K, Xia T, Xu C, Wu Z, Cheng L. The Covalent Au I-Au I Bond in (AuF) n ( n = 2∼4): A Perspective to Understand the Closed-Shell Au I···Au I Interaction. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:1051-1058. [PMID: 34965112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nature of closed-shell AuI···AuI attraction is still a conundrum in theoretical chemistry. However, for Au2F2 with a zigzag conformation, the d10-d10 closed-shell interaction between the AuF monomers is demonstrated as a coordinate covalent bond. Chemical bonding analysis reveals that the strong AuI···AuI attraction is caused by the participation of the extraordinary active 5d orbital of Au. Based on our study, one of the 5d orbitals of the Au atom is activated to hybridize with its 6s and 6p orbitals to form hybridized dsp2 orbitals, where each Au atom is both an electron donor (Lewis base) and acceptor (Lewis Acid) in dimerization. Actually, the closed-shell AuI···AuI interaction in the zigzag conformation of Au2X2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I, or NH2) is covalent. Our results provide a rather simple but clear-cut example, where mysterious AuI···AuI attractions can be possibly explained by the covalent bond theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, PR China.,Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, PR China
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Sorbelli D, De Santis M, Belanzoni P, Belpassi L. Spectroscopic/Bond Property Relationship in Group 11 Dihydrides via Relativistic Four-Component Methods. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10565-10579. [PMID: 33327724 PMCID: PMC8016197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Group 11 dihydrides MH2- (M = Cu, Ag, Au, Rg) have been much less studied than the corresponding MH compounds, despite having potentially several interesting applications in chemical research. In this work, their main spectroscopic constants (bond lengths, dissociation energies, and force constants) have been evaluated by means of highly accurate relativistic four-component coupled cluster (4c-CCSD(T)) calculations in combination with large basis sets. Periodic trends have been quantitatively explained by the charge-displacement/natural orbitals for chemical valence (CD-NOCV) analysis based on the four-component relativistic Dirac-Kohn-Sham method, which allows a consistent picture of the nature of the M-H bond to be obtained on going down the periodic table in terms of Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson bonding components. A strong ligand-to-metal donation drives the M-H bond and it is responsible for the heterolytic (HM···H-) dissociation energies to increase monotonically from Cu to Rg, with RgH2- showing the strongest and most covalent M-H bond. The "V"-shaped trend observed for the bond lengths, dissociation energies, and stretching frequencies can be explained in terms of relativistic effects and, in particular, of the relativistically enhanced sd hybridization occurring at the metal, which affects the metal-ligand distances in heavy transition-metal complexes. The sd hybridization is very small for Cu and Ag, whereas it becomes increasingly important for Au and Rg, being responsible for the increasing covalent character of the bond, the sizable contraction of the Au-H and Rg-H bonds, and the observed trend. This work rationalizes the spectroscopic/bond property relationship in group 11 dihydrides within highly accurate relativistic quantum chemistry methods, paving the way for their applications in chemical bond investigations involving heavy and superheavy elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo De Santis
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium
for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Consortium
for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Pang X, Guo M, Wang Z, Wang F. Low-lying states of MX 2 (M = Ag, Au; X = Cl, Br and I) with coupled-cluster approaches: effect of the basis set, high level correlation and spin–orbit coupling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26178-26188. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04988c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spin–orbit coupling, electron correlation level and basis set are important in describing Renner–Teller and pseudo-Jahn–Teller effects and properties of MX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Pang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology
- Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Minggang Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology
- Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Zhifan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Structural Optimization and Application of Functional Molecules
- Chengdu Normal University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology
- Ministry of Education, Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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Ma Y, Bian S, Shi Y, Fan X, Kong X. Size Effect on Aurophilic Interaction in Gold-Chloride Cluster Anions of Au n Cl n+1 - (2 ≤ n ≤ 7). ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:650-654. [PMID: 31459354 PMCID: PMC6649055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aurophilic interaction plays a very important role in gold-related clusters. Here, we investigate the Au n Cl n+1 - (n = 1-7) cluster ions using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in combination with theoretical calculations. Three cluster ions of Au2Cl3 -, Au3Cl4 -, and Au4Cl5 - show their remarkable intensities in the mass spectrum. Geometric structure optimizations for Au n Cl n+1 - (n = 1-7) were performed on the MP2 level. The results show that the most stable structures of Au n Cl n+1 - (n = 2-7) are all characterized by a zigzag structure. Furthermore, it can be found that the aurophilic interactions containing terminal gold atoms strengthen with the increase of total gold atoms and progressively stabilize for large clusters of Au6Cl7 - and Au7Cl8 -, whereas the aurophilic interactions between nonterminal adjacent gold atoms stabilize at n = 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- The
State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collage of
Chemistry, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shen Bian
- The
State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collage of
Chemistry, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- The
State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collage of
Chemistry, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xingting Fan
- The
State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collage of
Chemistry, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- The
State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collage of
Chemistry, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Wang W, Xu CQ, Fang Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang X. An Isolable Diphosphene Radical Cation Stabilized by Three-Center Three-Electron π-Bonding with Chromium: End-On versus Side-On Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
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9
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Wang W, Xu CQ, Fang Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang X. An Isolable Diphosphene Radical Cation Stabilized by Three-Center Three-Electron π-Bonding with Chromium: End-On versus Side-On Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9419-9424. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
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