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Schädle D, Litlabø R, Meermann-Zimmermann M, Thim-Spöring R, Schädle C, Maichle-Mössmer C, Törnroos KW, Anwander R. Rare-Earth-Metal Methyl and Methylidene Complexes Stabilized by Tp R,R'-Scorpionato Ligands─Size Matters. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9624-9637. [PMID: 38407062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Homoleptic tetramethylaluminates Ln(AlMe4)3 react with KTptBu,Me (TptBu,Me = tris(3-tBu-5-Me-pyrazolyl)borato) to yield rare-earth-metal methylidene complexes (TptBu,Me)Ln(μ3-CH2)[(μ-Me)AlMe2]2 (Ln = La, Ce, Nd). The lanthanum reaction is prone to additional C-H- and B-N-bond activation, affording coproducts La[HB(pzMe,tBu)(pzCMe2,Me)2][(μ-CH2)(μ-Me)AlMe2]2 and [La(μ-pztBu,Me)(AlMe4)2]2 (pztBu,Me = 3-tBu-5-Me-pyrazolato). The protonolysis reaction of Ln(AlMe4)3 and HpztBu,Me provides more efficient access to [Ln(μ-pztBu,Me)(AlMe4)2]2 (Ln = La, Nd). Treatment of Ln(AlMe4)3 with KTpMe,Me led to methylidene complexes (TpMe,Me)Ln(μ3-CH2)[(μ-Me)AlMe2]2 (Ln = Nd, Sm) or bis(tetramethylaluminate) complexes (TpMe,Me)Ln(AlMe4)2 (Ln = Y, Lu). The neodymium reaction generated methine derivative (TpMe,Me)Nd[(μ4-CH)(AlMe2)2(μ-pz,Me,Me)][(μ-Me)AlMe2] as a minor coproduct. The reaction of Ln(GaMe4)3 (Ln = Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Ho) with HTptBu,Me gave methylidene complexes (TptBu,Me)Ln(μ3-CH2)[(μ-Me)GaMe2]2 (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm) and alkyl complexes (TptBu,Me)LnMe[(μ-Me)GaMe3] (Ln = Y, Ho), while competing B-N bond activation reactions produced GaMe2[BH(Me)(μ-pztBu,Me)2] and (TptBu,Me)Ln(η2-pztBu,Me)[(μ-Me)GaMe3] (Ln = Y, Ho). The steric impact of the TpR,Me ligands was examined by cone angle calculations. Rare-earth-metal methylidene complexes (TptBu,Me)Ln(μ3-CH2)[(μ-Me)EMe2]2 (E = Al, Ga) successfully promote carbonyl methylenation reactions upon addition of ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Schädle
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rannveig Litlabø
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Melanie Meermann-Zimmermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Renita Thim-Spöring
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schädle
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl W Törnroos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Liu HY, Mahon MF, Hill MS. Aluminum-Boron Bond Formation by Boron Ester Oxidative Addition at an Alumanyl Anion. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15310-15319. [PMID: 37672789 PMCID: PMC10521018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The potassium diamidoalumanyl, [K{Al(SiNDipp)}]2 (SiNDipp = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2), reacts with the terminal B-O bonds of pinacolato boron esters, ROBpin (R = Me, i-Pr), and B(OMe)3 to provide potsassium (alkoxy)borylaluminate derivatives, [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OR)(Bpin)}]n (R = Me, n = 2; R = i-Pr, n = ∞) and [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OMe)(B(OMe)2)}]∞, comprising Al-B σ bonds. An initial assay of the reactivity of these species with the heteroallene molecules, N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide and CO2, highlights the kinetic inaccessibility of their Al-B bonds; only decomposition at high temperature is observed with the carbodiimide, whereas CO2 preferentially inserts into the Al-O bond of [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OMe)(Bpin)}]2 to provide a dimeric methyl carbonate species. Treatment of the acyclic dimethoxyboryl species, however, successfully liberates a terminal alumaboronic ester featuring trigonal N2Al-BO2 coordination environments at both boron and aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
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Well-defined phosphate yttrium dialkyl complexes for catalytic stereo-controllable 1,4-polymerization of isoprene. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hossack CH, Butcher RJ, Cahill CL, Besson C. Structural Diversity of Lanthanide 3-Nitrotrispyrazolylborates: Tunable Nuclearity and Intra-Ligand Charge Transfer Sensitization of Visible and NIR Ln 3+ Emission. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15724-15743. [PMID: 34605635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reported are the syntheses, crystal structures, and photophysical properties of 28, novel lanthanide compounds across five structural types, [Ln(3-NO2Tp)2(NO3)] (1-Ln, Ln = La-Tm, except Pm), [Bu4N][Ln(3-NO2Tp)(NO3)3] (2-Ln, Ln = Yb, Lu), [Eu(3-NO2Tp)2Cl(H2O)]·2iPrOH (3-Eu), [{Ln(3-NO2Tp)2}2(μ2-CO3)]·MeOH (4-Ln, Ln = La-Gd, except Pm), and [{Ln(3-NO2Tp)}4(μ2-OMe)6(μ4-O)] (5-Ln, Ln = Pr-Tb, except Pm) with the 3-nitrotrispyrazolylborate (3-NO2Tp-) ligand. The reaction of methanol or isopropanol solutions of LnX3 (X = Cl, NO3) with the tetrabutyl ammonium salt of the flexidentate 3-NO2Tp- ([Bu4N][3-NO2Tp]) yields Ln(3-NO2Tp)x complexes of various nuclearities as either monomers (1-Ln, 2-Ln, 3-Eu), dimers (4-Ln), or tetramers (5-Ln) owing to the efficient conversion of atmospheric CO2 to CO32- (dimers) or ligand controlled solvolysis of lanthanide ions (tetramers). 3-NO2Tp- is an efficient sensitizer for both the visible and near-IR (NIR) emissions of most of the lanthanide series, except thulium. Optical measurements, supported by density functional theory calculations, indicate that the dual visible and NIR Ln3+ emission arises from two intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) transitions of 3-NO2Tp-. This is the first report of lanthanide complexes with a nitro-functionalized pyrazolylborate ligand. The derivatization of the known Tp- ligand results in new coordination chemistry governed by the increased denticity of 3-NO2Tp-, imparting remarkable structural diversity and charge transfer properties to resultant lanthanide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Hossack
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Raymond J Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College St. N.W., Washington, DC 20059, United States
| | - Christopher L Cahill
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Claire Besson
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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Thomas JR, Sulway SA. In situ tracking and characterisation of scorpionate ligands via 11B-NMR spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16158-16160. [PMID: 35479172 PMCID: PMC9030394 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10826j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we exemplify the use of 11B-NMR spectroscopy as a new means of tracking the synthesis of scorpionate ligands in situ and ascertaining their purity upon isolation. We have demonstrated the use of the characterisation technique on five well known scorpionate ligands as their potassium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod R Thomas
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Scott A Sulway
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
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Zhu X, Jiang Y, Chen J, Wang S, Huang Z, Zhu S, Zhao X, Yue W, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhong X. Rare‐Earth
Metal Alkyl Complexes with
3‐Arylamido‐Functionalized
Indolyl Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiancui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Yuzhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Shaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Polytechnic University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zeming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical EngineeringAnhui Polytechnic University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Wenrun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
| | - Xiangyang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule‐Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241000 China
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7
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Diether D, Meermann-Zimmermann M, Törnroos KW, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Rare-earth metal-promoted (double) C–H-bond activation of a lutidinyl-functionalized alkoxy ligand: formation of [ONC] pincer-type ligands and implications for isoprene polymerization. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2004-2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Steric pressure enforces the formation of dianionic and trianionic pincer-type ligands involving a rare alkylidene moiety in the latter case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Diether
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Melanie Meermann-Zimmermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bergen
| | | | | | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
- Germany
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8
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Birkelbach VM, Stuhl C, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Mixed Methyl Aryloxy Rare-Earth-Metal Complexes Stabilized by a Superbulky Tris(pyrazolyl)borato Ligand. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena M. Birkelbach
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Stuhl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Hofmann A, Légaré MA, Wüst L, Braunschweig H. Heterodiatomic Multiple Bonding in Group 13: A Complex with a Boron-Aluminum π Bond Reduces CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9776-9781. [PMID: 30985966 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heterodiatomic multiple bonds have never been observed within Group 13. Herein, we disclose a method that generates [(CAAC)PhB=AlCp3t ] (1), a complex featuring π bonding between boron and aluminum through the association of singlet fragments. We present the properties of this multiple bond as well as the reactivity of the complex with carbon dioxide, which yields a boron CO complex via an unusual metathesis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hofmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc-André Légaré
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Wüst
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Hofmann A, Légaré M, Wüst L, Braunschweig H. Heterodiatomare Mehrfachbindung zwischen Elementen der Gruppe 13: Ein Komplex mit B‐Al‐π‐Bindung reduziert CO
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hofmann
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Marc‐André Légaré
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Leonie Wüst
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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11
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Li Y, Chen X, Gong Y. Synthesis of a dinuclear europium( iii) complex through deprotonation and oxygen-atom transfer of trimethylamine N-oxide. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17158-17162. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04234b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A dinuclear europium complex was synthesized via unprecedented deprotonation and oxygen-atom transfer of Me3NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjuan Li
- Department of Radiochemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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12
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Barisic D, Schneider D, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Bildung und Reaktivität eines Aluminabenzol-Liganden an Seltenerdmetall-Pentadienyl-Komplexen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damir Barisic
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - David Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
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13
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Barisic D, Schneider D, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Formation and Reactivity of an Aluminabenzene Ligand at Pentadienyl-Supported Rare-Earth Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1515-1518. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damir Barisic
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - David Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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14
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2017. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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1,3-Diene Polymerization Mediated by Homoleptic Tetramethylaluminates of the Rare-Earth Metals. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades homoleptic tetramethylaluminates of the trivalent rare-earth metals, Ln(AlMe4)3, have emerged as useful components for efficient catalyst design in the field of 1,3-diene polymerization. Previous work had focused on isoprene polymerization applying Ln(AlMe4)3 precatalysts with Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd and Y, in the presence of Et2AlCl as an activator. Polymerizations employing Ln(AlMe4)3 with Ln = La, Y and Nd along with borate/borane co-catalysts [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] and [B(C6F5)3] were mainly investigated for reasons of comparison with ancillary ligand-supported systems (cf. half-sandwich complexes). The present study investigates into a total of eleven rare-earth elements, namely Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Y, Er and Lu. A full overview on the polymerization behavior of Ln(AlMe4)3 in the presence of perfluorinated borate/borane cocatalysts and R2AlCl-type activators (R = Me, Et) is provided, probing the monomers isoprene and 1,3-butadiene (and preliminary ethylene). Virtually complete cis-1,4-selectivities are obtained for several catalyst/cocatalyst combinations (e.g., Gd(AlMe4)3/Me2AlCl, >99.9%). Insights into the ‘black box’ of active species are obtained by indirect observations via screening of pre-reaction time and cocatalyst concentration. The microstructure of the polydienes is investigated by combined 1H/13C NMR and ATR-IR spectroscopies. Furthermore, the reaction of [LuMe6(Li(thf)x)3] with AlMe3 has been applied as a new strategy for the efficient synthesis of Lu(AlMe4)3. The solid-state structures of Gd(AlMe4)3 and Tb(AlMe4)3 are reported.
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