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Wei L, He X, Zhao D, Kandawa-Shultz M, Shao G, Wang Y. Biotin-conjugated Ru(II) complexes with AIE characteristics as mitochondria-targeted photosensitizers for enhancing photodynamic therapy by disrupting cellular redox balance. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115985. [PMID: 38016298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of Ru(II) complexes as photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained significant attention. In comparison with fluorophores with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), fluorophores with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics exhibit sustained fluorescence and dispersibility in aqueous solutions. PSs with AIE characteristics have received much attention in recent years. Herein, we reported two novel biotin-conjugated Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes (Ru1 and Ru2) with AIE characteristics. When exposed to 460 nm (10 mW cm-2) light, Ru1 and Ru2 exhibited outstanding photostability and photocatalytic activity. Ru1 and Ru2 could efficiently generate singlet oxygen and induce pUC19 DNA photolysis when exposed to 460 nm light. Interestingly, both Ru1 and Ru2 also functioned as catalysts for NADH oxidation when exposed to 460 nm light. The presence of biotin fragments in Ru1 and Ru2 enhanced the specific uptake of these complexes by tumor cells. Both complexes showed minimal toxicity to selected cells in the dark. Nevertheless, the phototoxicity of both complexes significantly increased upon 460 nm light irradiation for 15 min. Further experiments revealed that Ru2 primarily accumulated in mitochondria and might bind to mitochondrial DNA. Under 460 nm light irradiation, Ru2 induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NADH depletion disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis in A549 cells, activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway resulting in up-regulation of apoptotic marker caspase-3, effectively damaged A549 cell DNA and arrested A549 cell cycle in the S phase. In vivo anti-tumor experiments were conducted to assess the effects of Ru2 on tumor growth in A549 tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that Ru2 effectively inhibited tumor growth under 460 nm light irradiation conditions. These findings indicate that Ru2 has great potential as a targeted photosensitizer for mitochondrial targeting imaging and photodynamic therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xiangdong He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Martha Kandawa-Shultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, Windhoek, 13301, Namibia
| | - Guoqiang Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Yihong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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2
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Chettri A, Kruse JH, Kumar Jha K, Dröge L, Romanenko I, Neumann C, Kupfer S, Turchanin A, Rau S, Schacher FH, Dietzek B. A Molecular Photosensitizer in a Porous Block Copolymer Matrix-Implications for the Design of Photocatalytically Active Membranes. Chemistry 2021; 27:17049-17058. [PMID: 34636457 PMCID: PMC9291506 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, porous photocatalytically active block copolymer membranes were introduced, based on heterogenized molecular catalysts. Here, we report the integration of the photosensitizer, i. e., the light absorbing unit in an intermolecular photocatalytic system into block copolymer membranes in a covalent manner. We study the resulting structure and evaluate the orientational mobility of the photosensitizer as integral part of the photocatalytic system in such membranes. To this end we utilize transient absorption anisotropy, highlighting the temporal reorientation of the transition dipole moment probed in a femtosecond pump‐probe experiment. Our findings indicate that the photosensitizer is rigidly bound to the polymer membrane and shows a large heterogeneity of absolute anisotropy values as a function of location probed within the matrix. This reflects the sample inhomogeneity arising from different protonation states of the photosensitizer and different intermolecular interactions of the photosensitizers within the block copolymer membrane scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chettri
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V., Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Kruse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Keshav Kumar Jha
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V., Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lara Dröge
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V., Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Iuliia Romanenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V., Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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3
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Huber FL, Wernbacher AM, Perleth D, Nauroozi D, González L, Rau S. A Ruthenium(II) Water Oxidation Catalyst Containing a pH-Responsive Ligand Framework. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13299-13308. [PMID: 34375524 PMCID: PMC8424647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new RuII-based water oxidation catalyst is presented, in which a nitrophenyl group is introduced into the backbone of dpp via a pH-sensitive imidazole bridge (dpp = 2,9-di-(2'-pyridyl)-1,10-phenanthroline). This modification had a pronounced effect on the photophysical properties and led to the appearance of a significant absorption band around 441 nm in the UV-vis spectrum upon formation of the monoprotonated species under neutral conditions. Theoretical investigations could show that the main contributions to this band arise from transitions involving the imidazole and nitrophenyl motif, allowing us to determine the pKa value (6.8 ± 0.1) of the corresponding, twofold protonated conjugated acid. In contrast, the influence of the nitrophenyl group on the electrochemical properties of the catalytic center was negligible. Likewise, the catalytic performance of Ru(dppip-NO2) and its parent complex Ru(dpp) was comparable over the entire investigated pH range (dppip-NO2 = 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-6,9-di(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline). This allowed the original catalytic properties to be retained while additionally featuring a functionalized ligand scaffold, which provides further modification opportunities as well as the ability to report the pH of the catalytic solution via UV-vis spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian L Huber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Anna M Wernbacher
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Daniel Perleth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
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Mede T, Jäger M, Schubert US. "Chemistry-on-the-complex": functional Ru II polypyridyl-type sensitizers as divergent building blocks. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7577-7627. [PMID: 30246196 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl type complexes are potent photoactive compounds, and have found - among others - a broad range of important applications in the fields of biomedical diagnosis and phototherapy, energy conversion schemes such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and molecular assemblies for tailored photo-initiated processes. In this regard, the linkage of RuII polypyridyl-type complexes with specific functional moieties is highly desirable to enhance their inherent photophysical properties, e.g., with a targeting function to achieve cell selectivity, or with a dye or redox-active subunits for energy- and electron-transfer. However, the classical approach of performing ligand syntheses first and the formation of Ru complexes in the last steps imposes synthetic limitations with regard to tolerating functional groups or moieties as well as requiring lengthy convergent routes. Alternatively, the diversification of Ru complexes after coordination (termed "chemistry-on-the-complex") provides an elegant complementary approach. In addition to the Click chemistry concept, the rapidly developing synthesis and purification methodologies permit the preparation of Ru conjugates via amidation, alkylation and cross-coupling reactions. In this regard, recent developments in chromatography shifted the limits of purification, e.g., by using new commercialized surface-modified silica gels and automated instrumentation. This review provides detailed insights into applying the "chemistry-on-the-complex" concept, which is believed to stimulate the modular preparation of unpreceded molecular assemblies as well as functional materials based on Ru-based building blocks, including combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mede
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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