1
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Zimmermanns R, Luo X, Hansen AL, Sadowski M, Fu Q, Albe K, Indris S, Knapp M, Ehrenberg H. Influence of oxygen distribution on the Li-ion conductivity in oxy-sulfide glasses - taking a closer look. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38919036 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01132e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Lithium thiophosphates are a promising class of solid electrolyte (SE) materials for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) due to their high Li-ion conductivity. Yet, the practical application of lithium thiophosphates is hindered by their chemical instability, which remains a prevalent challenge in the field. Oxygen substitution has been discussed in the literature as a promising strategy to enhance stability. Nevertheless, the lack of understanding of the role of synthesis strategy on the resulting structure-property relationship makes it difficult to predict and control the material's behaviour, limiting our ability to fully utilize oxygen substitution as a viable solution. Here, we show that not only the total oxygen content but also the oxygen distribution within the material affects the ion conductivity. By carefully analysing the local structure of oxy-sulfide glasses, we find that few highly oxygenated structural units like [PO4]3- and [PO3S]3- are more detrimental to the ionic conductivity than a larger amount of less substituted units like [POS3]3-. Further, we demonstrate how the oxygen distribution is connected to the synthesis in high-energy ball milling by comparing two different sets of precursor materials. The results may explain the deviations in the past literature. The findings should be transferable to other Li-thiophosphate materials and enable more directed design of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Zimmermanns
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Xianlin Luo
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Marcel Sadowski
- Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Institute of Materials Science, Otto-Berndt Strasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Qiang Fu
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Karsten Albe
- Technical University of Darmstadt (TUD), Institute of Materials Science, Otto-Berndt Strasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Applied Chemistry and Engineering Research Centre of Excellence (ACER CoE), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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2
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El-Shinawi H, Cussen EJ, Cussen SA. Morphology-controlled synthesis of novel nanostructured Li 4P 2O 7 with enhanced Li-ion conductivity for all-solid-state battery applications. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4139-4146. [PMID: 38318761 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04377k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical stiffness of oxide-type solid-electrolytes is a major drawback which has hindered their practical application in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries to date. Despite their enhanced structural and electrochemical stabilities, lack of deformability of fast-ion conducting oxides impedes the integration of these materials in bulk-type solid-state cells. Deformable solid-electrolytes such as sulfides, on the other hand, lack sufficient electrochemical stability in contact with conventional cathodes. This has recently triggered a search for new materials that combine high ion-conductivity, deformability and sufficient electrochemical stability. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel form of Li4P2O7 that can be densified by cold-pressing and possesses an ion conductivity that is two orders of magnitude higher than conventional Li4P2O7 phases. The material is synthesized by a combination of microwave synthesis and chemical lithiation and adopts a nanostructured morphology with a small amorphous component. The material is electrochemically stable at voltages >5 V vs. Li+/Li, which suggests safe use with high-voltage cathodes. The newly-synthesized material is therefore a bulk, deformable analogue of LiPON, with comparable ion conductivity and phase stability. This research highlights the potential of using novel low-temperature synthetic routes to control the morphology and enhance the electrochemical performance of conventional functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany El-Shinawi
- Department of Chemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Edmund J Cussen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Serena A Cussen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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3
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Schneider S, Kreiner ST, Balzat LG, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Finding Order in Disorder: The Highly Disordered Lithium Oxonitridophosphate Double Salt Li 8+x P 3 O 10-x N 1+x (x=1.4(5)). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301986. [PMID: 37436099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate Li8+x P3 O10-x N1+x , was obtained in an ampoule synthesis from P3 N5 and Li2 O. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 - ${\mathrel{\mathop{{\rm { 1}}}\limits^{{\rm -}}}}$ with a=5.125(2), b=9.888(5), c=10.217(5) Å, α=70.30(2), β=76.65(2), γ=77.89(2)°. Li8+x P3 O10-x N1+x is a double salt, the structure of which contains distinctive complex anion species, namely non-condensed P(O,N)4 tetrahedra, and P(O,N)7 double tetrahedra connected by one N atom. Additionally, there is mixed occupation of O/N positions, which enables further anionic species by variation of O/N occupancies. To characterize these motifs in detail, complementary analytical methods were applied. The double tetrahedron exhibits significant disorder in single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the title compound is a Li+ ion conductor with a total ionic conductivity of 1.2×10-7 S cm-1 at 25 °C, and a corresponding total activation energy of 0.47(2) eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra T Kreiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas G Balzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
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4
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Cretu S, Bradley DG, Feng LPW, Kudu OU, Nguyen LL, Nguyen TT, Jamali A, Chotard JN, Seznec V, Hanna JV, Demortière A, Duchamp M. The Impact of Intergrain Phases on the Ionic Conductivity of the LAGP Solid Electrolyte Material Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39186-39197. [PMID: 37556356 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) is a promising oxide solid electrolyte for all-solid-state batteries due to its excellent air stability, acceptable electrochemical stability window, and cost-effective precursor materials. However, further improvement in the ionic conductivity performance of oxide solid-state electrolytes is hindered by the presence of grain boundaries and their associated morphologies and composition. These key factors thus represent a major obstacle to the improved design of modern oxide based solid-state electrolytes. This study establishes a correlation between the influence of the grain boundary phases, their 3D morphology, and compositions formed under different sintering conditions on the overall LAGP ionic conductivity. Spark plasma sintering has been employed to sinter oxide solid electrolyte material at different temperatures with high compacity values, whereas a combined potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, 3D FIB-SEM tomography, XRD, and solid-state NMR/materials modeling approach provides an in-depth analysis of the influence of the morphology, structure, and composition of the grain boundary phases that impact the total ionic conductivity. This work establishes the first 3D FIB-SEM tomography analysis of the LAGP morphology and the secondary phases formed in the grain boundaries at the nanoscale level, whereas the associated 31P and 27Al MAS NMR study coupled with materials modeling reveals that the grain boundary material is composed of Li4P2O7 and disordered Li9Al3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 phases. Quantitative 31P MAS NMR measurements demonstrate that optimal ionic conductivity for the LAGP system is achieved for the 680 °C SPS preparation when the disordered Li9Al3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 phase dominates the grain boundary composition with reduced contributions from the highly ordered Li4P2O7 phases, whereas the 27Al MAS NMR data reveal that minimal structural change is experienced by each phase throughout this suite of sintering temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Cretu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR 7314, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS FR 3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
| | - David G Bradley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Li Patrick Wen Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Omer Ulas Kudu
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR 7314, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS FR 3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
| | - Linh Lan Nguyen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tuan Tu Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR 7314, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS FR 3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
| | - Arash Jamali
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR 7314, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS FR 3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
| | - Jean-Noel Chotard
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR 7314, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS FR 3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- ALISTORE-European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, Rue Baudelocque, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
| | - Vincent Seznec
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR 7314, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS FR 3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
| | - John V Hanna
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Arnaud Demortière
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et de Chimie des solides (LRCS), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR 7314, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- Réseau sur le stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie, CNRS FR 3459, 33 rue Saint Leu, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
- ALISTORE-European Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l'Energie, Rue Baudelocque, Amiens Cedex 80039, France
| | - Martial Duchamp
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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5
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Schneider S, Balzat LG, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Structure Determination of the Crystalline LiPON Model Structure Li 5+x P 2 O 6-x N 1+x with x≈0.9. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202984. [PMID: 36382621 PMCID: PMC10107624 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate (LiPON) is used as solid electrolyte in all-solid-state batteries. Crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphates are important model structures to retrieve analytical information that can be used to understand amorphous phases better. The new crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate Li5+x P2 O6-x N1+x was synthesized as an off-white powder by ampoule synthesis at 750-800 °C under Ar atmosphere. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 /c with a=15.13087(11) Å, b=9.70682(9) Å, c=8.88681(7) Å, and β=106.8653(8)°. Two P(O,N)4 tetrahedra connected by an N atom form the structural motif [P2 O6-x N1+x ](5+x)- . The structure was elucidated from X-ray diffraction data and the model corroborated by NMR and infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. Measurements of ionic conductivity show a total ionic conductivity of 6.8×10-7 S cm-1 at 75 °C with an activation energy of 0.52±0.01 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas G Balzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany.,MPI for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, (D) 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany.,MPI for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, (D) 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany
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6
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Belokoneva EL, Gaganina AA, Dimitrova OV, Volkov AS. Polymorphism of Li4P2O7: New Modification and Identification of Structural Subfamilies by Topology and Symmetry Analysis. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774522030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Influence of P and Ti on Phase Formation at Solidification of Synthetic Slag Containing Li, Zr, La, and Ta. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the future, it will become increasingly important to recover critical elements from waste materials. For many of these elements, purely mechanical processing is not efficient enough. An already established method is pyrometallurgical processing, with which many of the technologically important elements, such as Cu or Co, can be recovered in the metal phase. Ignoble elements, such as Li, are known to be found in the slag. Even relatively base or highly redox-sensitive elements, such as Zr, REEs, or Ta, can be expected to accumulate in the slag. In this manuscript, the methods for determining the phase formation and the incorporation of these elements were developed and optimized, and the obtained results are discussed. For this purpose, oxide slags were synthesized with Al, Si, Ca, and the additives, P and Ti. To this synthetic slag were added the elements, Zr and La (which can be considered proxies for the light REEs), as well as Ta. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that Ti or P can have strong influences on the phase formation. In the presence of Ti, La, and Ta, predominantly scavenged by perovskite (Ca1-wLa2/3wTi1-(x+y+z)Al4/3xZryTa4/5zO3), and Zr predominantly as zirconate (Ca1-wLa2/3wZr4-(x+y+z)Al4/3xTiyTa4/5zO9), with the P having no effect on this behavior. Without Ti, the Zr and Ta are incorporated into the pyrochlore (La2-xCa3/2x-yZr2+2/4y-zTa4/5zO7), regardless of the presence of phosphorus. In addition to pyrochlore, La accumulates primarily in britholite-type La oxy- or phosphosilicates. Without P and Ti, similar behavior is observed, except that the britholite-like La silicates do not contain P, and the scavenging of La is less efficient. Lithium, on the other hand, forms its own compounds, such as LiAlO2(Si), LiAl5O8, eucryptite, and Li silicate. Additionally, in the presence of P, Li3PO4 is formed, and the eucryptite incorporates P, which indicates an additional P-rich eutectic melt.
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8
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Kunz SL, Roy SC, Bredow T, Schwarz U, Glaum R. Kinetically Controlled Reduction of β-Vanadyl(V) Orthophosphate: Synthesis and Characterization of New Metastable Polymorphs of Vanadium(III) Phosphate. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:507-519. [PMID: 34951301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two thermodynamically metastable polymorphs of vanadium(III) phosphate, VIIIPO4-m1 and VPO4-m2, have been obtained via reduction of β-VVOPO4 by moist hydrogen. The XRPD pattern of VPO4-m1 can be assigned based on the crystal structure of β-VVOPO4, though with distinctly different lattice parameters (VPO4-m1/β-VOPO4: Pnma, a = 7.3453(12)/7.7863(5) Å, b = 6.4001(12)/6.1329(3) Å, c = 7.3196(13)/6.9673(5) Å). The XRPD pattern of VPO4-m2 was found to be very similar to that of Fe2(VO)(P2O7)(PO4) (VPO4-m2: P21/m, Z = 2, a = 8.792(4) Å, b = 5.269(2) Å, c = 10.398(6) Å, β = 112.60(4)°). The crystal structure models for VPO4-m1 and VPO4-m2 have been optimized by DFT calculations. Polymorph m1 contains the unprecedented butterfly shaped [VIIIO4] chromophore and has been further characterized by magnetic measurements, by powder reflectance spectroscopy (NIR/vis/UV), and IR spectroscopy. For six polymorphic forms of VPO4 (m1', m1'', m2, m3, m4, and m5), DFT calculations have been performed. For the existence of VPO4-m1', -m1'', and -m2, our experiments provide evidence. VPO4-m3, -m4, and -m5 were obtained by structure optimization based on reduced β-VOPO4. Their stability is predicted by the DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lorraine Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Subrata Chandra Roy
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Bredow
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Glaum
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Han G, Vasylenko A, Neale AR, Duff BB, Chen R, Dyer MS, Dang Y, Daniels LM, Zanella M, Robertson CM, Kershaw Cook LJ, Hansen AL, Knapp M, Hardwick LJ, Blanc F, Claridge JB, Rosseinsky MJ. Extended Condensed Ultraphosphate Frameworks with Monovalent Ions Combine Lithium Mobility with High Computed Electrochemical Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18216-18232. [PMID: 34677973 PMCID: PMC8569803 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Extended anionic
frameworks based on condensation of polyhedral
main group non-metal anions offer a wide range of structure types.
Despite the widespread chemistry and earth abundance of phosphates
and silicates, there are no reports of extended ultraphosphate anions
with lithium. We describe the lithium ultraphosphates Li3P5O14 and Li4P6O17 based on extended layers and chains of phosphate, respectively.
Li3P5O14 presents a complex structure
containing infinite ultraphosphate layers with 12-membered rings that
are stacked alternately with lithium polyhedral layers. Two distinct
vacant tetrahedral sites were identified at the end of two distinct
finite Li6O1626– chains. Li4P6O17 features a new type of loop-branched
chain defined by six PO43– tetrahedra.
The ionic conductivities and electrochemical properties of Li3P5O14 were examined by impedance spectroscopy
combined with DC polarization, NMR spectroscopy, and galvanostatic
plating/stripping measurements. The structure of Li3P5O14 enables three-dimensional lithium migration
that affords the highest ionic conductivity (8.5(5) × 10–7 S cm–1 at room temperature for
bulk), comparable to that of commercialized LiPON glass thin film
electrolytes, and lowest activation energy (0.43(7) eV) among all
reported ternary Li–P–O phases. Both new lithium ultraphosphates
are predicted to have high thermodynamic stability against oxidation,
especially Li3P5O14, which is predicted
to be stable to 4.8 V, significantly higher than that of LiPON and
other solid electrolytes. The condensed phosphate units defining these
ultraphosphate structures offer a new route to optimize the interplay
of conductivity and electrochemical stability required, for example,
in cathode coatings for lithium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrij Vasylenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin B Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Ruiyong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Yun Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke M Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Zanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J Kershaw Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laurence J Hardwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - John B Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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10
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Electrical and Structural Properties of Li 1.3Al 0.3Ti 1.7(PO 4) 3-Based Ceramics Prepared with the Addition of Li 4SiO 4. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195729. [PMID: 34640127 PMCID: PMC8510155 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The currently studied materials considered as potential candidates to be solid electrolytes for Li-ion batteries usually suffer from low total ionic conductivity. One of them, the NASICON-type ceramic of the chemical formula Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3, seems to be an appropriate material for the modification of its electrical properties due to its high bulk ionic conductivity of the order of 10−3 S∙cm−1. For this purpose, we propose an approach concerning modifying the grain boundary composition towards the higher conducting one. To achieve this goal, Li4SiO4 was selected and added to the LATP base matrix to support Li+ diffusion between the grains. The properties of the Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3−xLi4SiO4 (0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) system were studied by means of high-temperature X-ray diffractometry (HTXRD); 6Li, 27Al, 29Si, and 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR); thermogravimetry (TG); scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and impedance spectroscopy (IS) techniques. Referring to the experimental results, the Li4SiO4 additive material leads to the improvement of the electrical properties and the value of the total ionic conductivity exceeds 10−4 S∙cm−1 in most studied cases. The factors affecting the enhancement of the total ionic conductivity are discussed. The highest value of σtot = 1.4 × 10−4 S∙cm−1 has been obtained for LATP–0.1LSO material sintered at 1000 °C for 6 h.
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Shoko E, Dang Y, Han G, Duff BB, Dyer MS, Daniels LM, Chen R, Blanc F, Claridge JB, Rosseinsky MJ. Polymorph of LiAlP 2O 7: Combined Computational, Synthetic, Crystallographic, and Ionic Conductivity Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14083-14095. [PMID: 34463491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a new polymorph of lithium aluminum pyrophosphate, LiAlP2O7, discovered through a computationally guided synthetic exploration of the Li-Mg-Al-P-O phase field. The new polymorph formed at 973 K, and the crystal structure, solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, adopts the orthorhombic space group Cmcm with a = 5.1140(9) Å, b = 8.2042(13) Å, c = 11.565(3) Å, and V = 485.22(17) Å3. It has a three-dimensional framework structure that is different from that found in other LiMIIIP2O7 materials. It transforms to the known monoclinic form (space group P21) above ∼1023 K. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the new polymorph is the most stable low-temperature structure for this composition among the seven known structure types in the AIMIIIP2O7 (A = alkali metal) families. Although the bulk Li-ion conductivity is low, as determined from alternating-current impedance spectroscopy and variable-temperature static 7Li NMR spectra, a detailed analysis of the topologies of all seven structure types through bond-valence-sum mapping suggests a potential avenue for enhancing the conductivity. The new polymorph exhibits long (>4 Å) Li-Li distances, no Li vacancies, and an absence of Li pathways in the c direction, features that could contribute to the observed low Li-ion conductivity. In contrast, we found favorable Li-site topologies that could support long-range Li migration for two structure types with modest DFT total energies relative to the new polymorph. These promising structure types could possibly be accessed from innovative doping of the new polymorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Shoko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Yun Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Guopeng Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Benjamin B Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Matthew S Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Luke M Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ruiyong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - John B Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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Ślubowska W, Montagne L, Lafon O, Méar F, Kwatek K. B 2O 3-Doped LATP Glass-Ceramics Studied by X-ray Diffractometry and MAS NMR Spectroscopy Methods. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020390. [PMID: 33546296 PMCID: PMC7913521 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two families of glasses in the Li2O-Al2O3-B2O3-TiO2-P2O5 system were prepared via two different synthesis routes: melt-quenching and ball-milling. Subsequently, they were submitted to crystallization and yielded the Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP)-based glass-ceramics. Glasses and corresponding glass-ceramics were studied by complementary X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 27Al, 31P, 7Li, 11B magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) methods in order to compare their structure and phase composition and elucidate the impact of boron additive on their glass-forming properties and crystallization process. XRD studies show that the addition of B2O3 improves the glass-forming properties of glasses prepared by either method and inhibits the precipitation of unwanted phases during heat treatment. MAS NMR studies allowed us to distinguish two LATP phases of slightly different chemical composition suggesting that LATP grains might not be homogeneous. In conclusion, the crystallization of boron-incorporated LATP glasses can is an effective way of obtaining LATP-based solid state electrolytes for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries provided the proper heat-treatment conditions are chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Ślubowska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lionel Montagne
- UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Artois, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.M.); (O.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Olivier Lafon
- UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Artois, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.M.); (O.L.); (F.M.)
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Méar
- UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Artois, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.M.); (O.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Konrad Kwatek
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland;
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Marple MAT, Wynn TA, Cheng D, Shimizu R, Mason HE, Meng YS. Local Structure of Glassy Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride Thin Films: A Combined Experimental and Ab Initio Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A. T. Marple
- Physical and Life Science Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Department Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Diyi Cheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Ryosuke Shimizu
- Department Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Harris E. Mason
- Physical and Life Science Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Y. Shirley Meng
- Department Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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14
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Marple MAT, Wynn TA, Cheng D, Shimizu R, Mason HE, Meng YS. Local Structure of Glassy Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride Thin Films: A Combined Experimental and Ab Initio Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22185-22193. [PMID: 32818306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is an amorphous solid-state lithium ion conductor displaying exemplary cyclability against lithium metal anodes. There is no definitive explanation for this stability due to the limited understanding of the structure of LiPON. Herein, we provide a structural model of RF-sputtered LiPON. Information about the short-range structure results from 1D and 2D solid-state NMR experiments. These results are compared with first principles chemical shielding calculations of Li-P-O/N crystals and ab initio molecular dynamics-generated amorphous LiPON models to unequivocally identify the glassy structure as primarily isolated phosphate monomers with N incorporated in both apical and as bridging sites in phosphate dimers. Structural results suggest LiPON's stability is a result of its glassy character. Free-standing LiPON films are produced that exhibit a high degree of flexibility, highlighting the unique mechanical properties of glassy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A T Marple
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Department Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Diyi Cheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ryosuke Shimizu
- Department Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Harris E Mason
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Y Shirley Meng
- Department Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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15
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Kwatek K, Ślubowska W, Trébosc J, Lafon O, Nowiński J. Structural and electrical properties of ceramic Li-ion conductors based on Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3-LiF. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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