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Goodman DM, Ritter CU, Chen E, Tong KKH, Riisom M, Söhnel T, Jamieson SMF, Anderson RF, Brothers PJ, Ware DC, Hartinger CG. Masking the Bioactivity of Hydroxamic Acids by Coordination to Cobalt: Towards Bioreductive Anticancer Agents. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401724. [PMID: 38853639 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The clinical use of many potent anticancer agents is limited by their non-selective toxicity to healthy tissue. One of these examples is vorinostat (SAHA), a pan histone deacetylase inhibitor, which shows high cytotoxicity with limited discrimination for cancerous over healthy cells. In an attempt to improve tumor selectivity, we exploited the properties of cobalt(III) as a redox-active metal center through stabilization with cyclen and cyclam tetraazamacrocycles, masking the anticancer activity of SAHA and other hydroxamic acid derivatives to allow for the complex to reach the hypoxic microenvironment of the tumor. Biological assays demonstrated the desired low in vitro anticancer activity of the complexes, suggesting effective masking of the activity of SAHA. Once in the tumor, the bioactive moiety may be released through the reduction of the CoIII center. Investigations revealed long-term stability of the complexes, with cyclic voltammetry and chemical reduction experiments supporting the design hypothesis of SAHA release through the reduction of the CoIII prodrug. The results highlight the potential for further developing this complex class as novel anticancer agents by masking the high cytotoxicity of a given drug, however, the cellular uptake needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Goodman
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cornelia U Ritter
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Erin Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kelvin K H Tong
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert F Anderson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Penelope J Brothers
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - David C Ware
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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M Zahir FZ, Hay MA, Janetzki JT, Gable RW, Goerigk L, Boskovic C. Predicting valence tautomerism in diverse cobalt-dioxolene complexes: elucidation of the role of ligands and solvent. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5694-5710. [PMID: 38638213 PMCID: PMC11023039 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of molecular switches to reversibly interconvert between different forms promises potential applications at the scale of single molecules up to bulk materials. One type of molecular switch comprises cobalt-dioxolene compounds that exhibit thermally-induced valence tautomerism (VT) interconversions between low spin Co(iii)-catecholate (LS-CoIII-cat) and high spin Co(ii)-semiquinonate (HS-CoII-sq) forms. Two families of these compounds have been investigated for decades but have generally been considered separately: neutral [Co(diox)(sq)(N2L)] and cationic [Co(diox)(N4L)]+ complexes (diox = generic dioxolene, N2L/N4L = bidentate/tetradentate N-donor ancillary ligand). Computational identification of promising new candidate compounds prior to experimental exploration is beneficial for environmental and cost considerations but requires a thorough understanding of the underlying thermochemical parameters that influence the switching. Herein, we report a robust approach for the analysis of both cobalt-dioxolene families, which involved a quantitative density functional theory-based study benchmarked with reliable quasi-experimental references. The best-performing M06L-D4/def2-TZVPP level of theory has subsequently been verified by the synthesis and experimental investigation of three new complexes, two of which exhibit thermally-induced VT, while the third remains in the LS-CoIII-cat form across all temperatures, in agreement with prediction. Valence tautomerism in solution is markedly solvent-dependent, but the origin of this has not been definitively established. We have extended our computational approach to elucidate the correlation of VT transition temperature with solvent stabilisation energy and change in dipole moment. This new understanding may inform the development of VT compounds for applications in soft materials including films, gels, and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zahra M Zahir
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Moya A Hay
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jett T Janetzki
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Robert W Gable
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Lars Goerigk
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Colette Boskovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
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3
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Palmeira-Mello MV, Caballero AB, Herrera-Ramírez P, Costa AR, Santana SS, Guedes GP, Caubet A, Batista AA, Gamez P, Lanznaster M. Cobalt(III)-py 2en systems as potential carriers of β-ketoester-based ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 248:112345. [PMID: 37562318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Two cobalt(III) complexes containing different β-ketoesters, namely [CoIII(L1)(py2en)](ClO4)2·H2O (1) and [CoIII(L2)(py2en)](ClO4)2 (2) (py2en = N,N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine; L1- = methylacetoacetate; L2- = ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate) have been prepared and investigated as prototypes of bioreductive prodrugs. The presence of β-ketoester and py2en ligands in 1 and 2, as well as the perchlorate counterions, was supported by IR spectroscopy and CHN elemental analysis. The composition molecular structure of both complexes was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. Structural information was also obtained for 2via X-ray diffraction analysis. The redox properties indicate that 1 and 2 are suitable for reduction under biological conditions. Investigation of DNA-interacting suggest that 1 and 2 bind DNA via electrostatic forces. Both complexes may be employed as possible platforms for the delivery of biologically active compounds, since their reaction with ascorbic acid in PBS at pH 6.2 and 7.4 at 37°C results in the release of the β-ketoester ligands upon Co(III)/Co(II) reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V Palmeira-Mello
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), 13561-901 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S. João Batista S/N, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.; nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Caballero
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Piedad Herrera-Ramírez
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Analu R Costa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), 13561-901 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Savyo S Santana
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S. João Batista S/N, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme P Guedes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S. João Batista S/N, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amparo Caubet
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alzir Azevedo Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), 13561-901 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Gamez
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio Lanznaster
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S. João Batista S/N, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil..
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Saha S, Maity S, Mazumdar R, Samanta B, Ghosh R, Guha AK, Mondal B. Sixth Ligand Induced HNO/NO - Release by a Five-Coordinated Cobalt(II) Nitrosyl Complex Having a {CoNO} 8 Configuration. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17074-17082. [PMID: 37811901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxyl (HNO) and nitroxide (NO-) anion, the one-electron-reduced form of nitric oxide (NO), have been shown to have distinct advantages over NO from pharmacological and therapeutic points of view. However, the role of nitroxyl in chemical biology has not yet been studied as extensively as that of NO. Consequently, only a few examples of HNO donors such as Angeli's salt, Piloty's acid, or acyl- and acyloxynitroso derivatives are known. However, the intrinsic limitations of all of these hinder their widespread utility. Metal nitrosyl complexes, although few examples, could serve as an efficient HNO donor. Here, a cobalt nitrosyl complex of the {CoNO}8 (1) configuration has been reported. This complex in the presence of a sixth ligand [BF4-, DTC- (diethyldithiocarbamate anion), or imidazole] releases/donates HNO/NO-. This has been confirmed using well-known HNO/NO- acceptors like [Fe(TPP)Cl] and [Fe(DTC)3]. The HNO release has been authenticated further by the detection and estimation of N2O using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy as well as its reaction with PPh3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankhadeep Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sayani Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Rakesh Mazumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Bapan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Riya Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ankur K Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam781001, India
| | - Biplab Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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5
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de Souza ICA, Santana SDS, Gómez JG, Guedes GP, Madureira J, Quintal SMDO, Lanznaster M. Investigation of cobalt(III)-phenylalanine complexes for hypoxia-activated drug delivery. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:16425-16439. [PMID: 32692333 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Four cobalt(iii)-phenylalanine complexes, [Co(Phe)(py2en)](ClO4)2·H2O (1), [Co(Phe)(TPA)](ClO4)2·H2O (2), [Co(Phe)(py2enMe2)](ClO4)2·H2O (3) and [Co(bipy)2(Phe)](ClO4)2·H2O (4), were investigated as prototype models for hypoxia-activated delivery of melphalan - a phenylalanine derivative anticancer drug of the class of nitrogen mustards. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis provided the molecular structures of 1-4, as a single isomer/conformer. According with NMR and theoretical calculations, the solid-state structures of 2 and 4 are maintained in solutions. For complexes 1 and 3, though, a mixture of isomers was found in DMSO solutions: Λ-cisα(exo,exo) and Δ-cisβ1(exo,exo) for 1 (3 : 2 ratio), and Λ-cisα(exo,exo) and Δ-cisα(exo,exo) for 3 (5 : 1 ratio). Theoretical calculations point to a re-equilibration reaction of the solid-state Λ-cisβ1 isomer of 1 in solution. Electrochemical analysis revealed a correlation between the electron-donor capacity of the ancillary ligands and the redox potentials of the complexes. The potentials varied from +0.01 for 1 to +0.31 V vs. SHE for 4 in aqueous media and indicate that reduction should be achieved in biological media. The integrity of the complexes in pH 5.5 and 7.4 buffered solutions was confirmed by UV-Vis monitoring up to 24 h at 25 °C. Reduction by ascorbic acid (AA) shows an O2-dependent dissociation of the l-Phe for complexes 1-3, with higher conversion rates at pH 7.4. For complex 4, a fast dissociation of l-Phe was observed, with conversion rates unaffected by the pH and presence of O2.
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6
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Insights of Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine as anti-tumor agent for osteosarcoma: experimental and in silico studies. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Palmeira-Mello MV, Caballero AB, Ribeiro JM, de Souza-Fagundes EM, Gamez P, Lanznaster M. Evaluation of cobalt(III) complexes as potential hypoxia-responsive carriers of esculetin. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 211:111211. [PMID: 32805459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation between hypoxic and normoxic tissues have been exploited for the development of selective chemotherapeutic agents. In this context, cobalt(III)-based coordination compounds have been designed and investigated as prospective hypoxia-responsive drug delivery systems. Three cobalt(III) complexes, namely [CoIII(esc)(py2en)]ClO4·(CH3OH)2 (1) [CoIII(esc)(TPA)]ClO4·3H2O (2) and [CoIII(bipy)2(esc)]ClO4·2.5H2O (3) (py2en = N,N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine, TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine and esc = 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin or esculetin), were prepared and investigated as potential carriers of esculetin. The spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of 1-3 were investigated and compared. Reactions of the complexes with biologically relevant reducing agents, viz. ascorbic acid, cysteine and glutathione, were monitored spectroscopically for 24 h, in pH 6.2 and 7.4 PBS phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solutions at 37 °C, under air, argon and dioxygen atmospheres. Dissociation of esculetin was observed upon Co3+/Co2+ reduction preferably under hypoxic conditions, with more effective conversion rates for 3 > 2 > 1. These results illustrate the importance to modulate the Co3+/Co2+ redox potential through the donor-acceptor properties of the ancillary ligands. Complex 3 is cytotoxic against HCT-116 but not against HT-29 and HEK-293 cells. In addition, DNA-binding studies indicate that interactions of 1 and 3 with the biomolecule are electrostatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V Palmeira-Mello
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S. João Batista S/N, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil; nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Caballero
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Martins Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria de Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrick Gamez
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio Lanznaster
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S. João Batista S/N, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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8
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Gransbury GK, Livesay BN, Janetzki JT, Hay MA, Gable RW, Shores MP, Starikova A, Boskovic C. Understanding the Origin of One- or Two-Step Valence Tautomeric Transitions in Bis(dioxolene)-Bridged Dinuclear Cobalt Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10692-10704. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma K. Gransbury
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brooke N. Livesay
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, United States
| | - Jett T. Janetzki
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Moya A. Hay
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robert W. Gable
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Shores
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, United States
| | - Alyona Starikova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Colette Boskovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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9
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Castro LC, Jaconiano YR, Evangelista TCS, Ferreira SB, Scarpellini M. Synthesis and characterization of new galactosylated-based N 2O-donors tridentate ligands. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1599953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane C. Castro
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmim R. Jaconiano
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tereza C. S. Evangelista
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina B. Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marciela Scarpellini
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Baecker D, Obermoser V, Kirchner EA, Hupfauf A, Kircher B, Gust R. Fluorination as tool to improve bioanalytical sensitivity and COX-2-selective antitumor activity of cobalt alkyne complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15856-15868. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03330k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorination of the lead Co-ASS yielded antitumor active cobalt alkyne complexes that exhibited both improved COX-2 selectivity and better bioanalytical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacy
- CMBI – Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck
- University of Innsbruck
- CCB – Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine
| | - Victoria Obermoser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacy
- CMBI – Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck
- University of Innsbruck
- CCB – Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine
| | - Elisabeth Anna Kirchner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacy
- CMBI – Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck
- University of Innsbruck
- CCB – Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine
| | - Andrea Hupfauf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacy
- CMBI – Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck
- University of Innsbruck
- CCB – Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Immunobiology and Stem Cell Laboratory
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology and Oncology)
- Innsbruck Medical University
- 6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Institute of Pharmacy
- CMBI – Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck
- University of Innsbruck
- CCB – Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine
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