1
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Gradiski MV, Rennie BE, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Electronic insights into aminoquinoline-based PN HN ligands: protonation state dictates geometry while coordination environment dictates N-H acidity and bond strength. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11241-11254. [PMID: 35731231 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of transition metal complexes bearing aminoquinoline PNHH'-R ligands R = Ph (L1H), Cy (L2H) and their amido analogues are reported for rhodium(I) ([Rh(L1H)(PPh3)]+1 and Rh(L1)(PPh3) 2), cobalt(II) (Co(L2)(Cl) 3), and iron(II) ([Fe(L1H)2]2+5, Fe(L1)26, and [Fe(C5Me5)(L1H)]PF67). The acid-base and redox properties of the amido complexes 2, 6, and their protio parent complexes 1, and 5 permit the determination of the pKa and bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) of their N-H bonds while the ligand scaffold is coordinated to metal centres of square planar and octahedral geometry, respectively. From relative concentrations obtained by the use of 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, a pKaTHF value of 14 is calculated for rhodium complex 1, 6.4 for iron complex 5, and 24 for iron complex 7. These data, when combined with elecrochemical potentials obtained via cyclic voltammetry, allow the calculations of BDFE values for the N-H bond of 69 kcal mol-1 for 1, and of 55 kcal mol-1 for 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Gradiski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Benjamin E Rennie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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2
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Kuriyama S, Wei S, Tanaka H, Konomi A, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Synthesis and Reactivity of Cobalt-Dinitrogen Complexes Bearing Anionic PCP-Type Pincer Ligands toward Catalytic Silylamine Formation from Dinitrogen. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5190-5195. [PMID: 35313105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of cobalt(I)-dinitrogen complexes bearing anionic 4-substituted benzene-based PCP-type pincer ligands are synthesized and characterized. These complexes work as highly efficient catalysts for the formation of silylamine from dinitrogen under ambient reaction conditions to produce up to 371 equiv of silylamine based on the cobalt atom of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kuriyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shenglan Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8530, Japan
| | - Asuka Konomi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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3
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Ott JC, Bürgy D, Guan H, Gade LH. 3d Metal Complexes in T-shaped Geometry as a Gateway to Metalloradical Reactivity. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:857-868. [PMID: 35164502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusLow-valent, low-coordinate 3d metal complexes represent a class of extraordinarily reactive compounds that can act as reagents and catalysts for challenging bond-activation reactions. The pursuit of these electron-deficient metal complexes in low oxidation states demands ancillary ligands capable of providing not only energetic stabilization but also sufficiently high steric bulk at the metal center. From this perspective, pincer ligands are particularly advantageous, as their prearranged, meridional coordination mode scaffolds the active center while the substituents of the peripheral donor atoms provide effective steric shielding for the coordination sphere. In a T-shaped geometry, the transition metal complexes possess a precisely defined vacant coordination site, which, combined with the often observed high-spin electron configuration, exhibits unusually high selectivity of these compounds with respect to one-electron redox chemistry. In light of the intractable reaction pathways typically observed with related electronically unsaturated 3d transition metal complexes, the pincer coordination mode enables the isolation of low-valent compounds with more controlled and unique reactivity. We have thus investigated a series of T-shaped metal(I) complexes using three different types of pincer ligands, which may be regarded as "metalloradicals" due to their selectively exposed unpaired electrons.These compounds display remarkably high thermal stability and represent rarely observed "naked" monovalent metal species featuring both monomeric and dimeric structures. Extensive reactivity studies using various organic substrates highlight a strong tendency of these paramagnetic compounds to undergo one-electron oxidation, leading to the isolation of a plethora of metal(II) species with reduced organic ligands as unusual structural elements. The exploration of C2 symmetric T-shaped Ni(I) complexes as asymmetric catalysts also shows success in enantioselective hydrodehalogenation of geminal dihalogenides. In addition, this specific class of low-valent, low-coordinate complexes can be further diversified by introducing redox-active pincer ligands or building homobimetallic systems with two T-shaped units.This Account focuses on the discussion of selected examples of iron, cobalt, and nickel pincer complexes bearing a [P,N,P] or [N,N,N] donor set; however, their electronic structure and radical-type reactivity can be broadly extended to other pincer systems. The availability of various types of pincer ligands should allow fine-tuning of the reactivity of the T-shaped complexes. Given the unprecedented reactivity observed with these compounds, we expect the studies of T-shaped 3d metal complexes to be a fertile field for advancing base metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C. Ott
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Bürgy
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hairong Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Li M, Gupta SK, Dechert S, Demeshko S, Meyer F. Merging Pincer Motifs and Potential Metal-Metal Cooperativity in Cobalt Dinitrogen Chemistry: Efficient Catalytic Silylation of N 2 to N(SiMe 3 ) 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14480-14487. [PMID: 33829680 PMCID: PMC8251579 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Using a pyrazolate-bridged dinucleating ligand that provides two proximate pincer-type PNN binding sites ("two-in-one pincer"), different synthetic routes have been developed towards its dicobalt(I) complex 2 that features a twice deprotonated ligand backbone and two weakly activated terminal N2 substrate ligands directed into the bimetallic pocket. Protonation of 2 is shown to occur at the ligand scaffold and to trigger conversion to a tetracobalt(I) complex 4 with two end-on μ1,2 -bridging N2 ; in THF 4 is labile and undergoes temperature-dependent N2 /triflate ligand exchange. These pyrazolate-based systems combine the potential of exhibiting both metal-metal and metal-ligand cooperativity, viz. two concepts that have emerged as promising design motifs for molecular N2 fixation catalysts. Complex 2 serves as an efficient (pre)catalyst for the reductive silylation of N2 into N(SiMe3 )3 (using KC8 and Me3 SiCl), yielding up to 240 equiv N(SiMe3 )3 per catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Sandeep K. Gupta
- Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Universität GöttingenInstitut für Anorganische ChemieTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
- Universität GöttingenInternational Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC)Tammannstrasse 637077GöttingenGermany
- Universität GöttingenWöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Tammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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5
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Meng F, Kuriyama S, Tanaka H, Egi A, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Ammonia Formation Catalyzed by a Dinitrogen‐Bridged Dirhenium Complex Bearing PNP‐Pincer Ligands under Mild Reaction Conditions**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanqiang Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University Minami-ku Nagoya 457-8530 Japan
| | - Akihito Egi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering Kyushu University Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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6
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Meng F, Kuriyama S, Tanaka H, Egi A, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Ammonia Formation Catalyzed by a Dinitrogen-Bridged Dirhenium Complex Bearing PNP-Pincer Ligands under Mild Reaction Conditions*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13906-13912. [PMID: 33835664 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of rhenium complexes bearing a pyridine-based PNP-type pincer ligand are synthesized from rhenium phosphine complexes as precursors. A dinitrogen-bridged dirhenium complex bearing the PNP-type pincer ligands catalytically converts dinitrogen into ammonia during the reaction with KC8 as a reductant and [HPCy3 ]BArF 4 (Cy=cyclohexyl, ArF =3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 ) as a proton source at -78 °C to afford 8.4 equiv of ammonia based on the rhenium atom of the catalyst. The rhenium-dinitrogen complex also catalyzes silylation of dinitrogen in the reaction with KC8 as a reductant and Me3 SiCl as a silylating reagent under ambient reaction conditions to afford 11.7 equiv of tris(trimethylsilyl)amine based on the rhenium atom of the catalyst. These results demonstrate the first successful example of catalytic nitrogen fixation under mild reaction conditions using rhenium-dinitrogen complexes as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqiang Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya, 457-8530, Japan
| | - Akihito Egi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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7
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Li M, Gupta SK, Dechert S, Demeshko S, Meyer F. Merging Pincer Motifs and Potential Metal–Metal Cooperativity in Cobalt Dinitrogen Chemistry: Efficient Catalytic Silylation of N
2
to N(SiMe
3
)
3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sandeep K. Gupta
- Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Universität Göttingen Institut für Anorganische Chemie Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Universität Göttingen International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC) Tammannstrasse 6 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Universität Göttingen Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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8
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Comprehensive insights into synthetic nitrogen fixation assisted by molecular catalysts under ambient or mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5201-5242. [PMID: 33651046 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N2 is fixed as NH3 industrially by the Haber-Bosch process under harsh conditions, whereas biological nitrogen fixation is achieved under ambient conditions, which has prompted development of alternative methods to fix N2 catalyzed by transition metal molecular complexes. Since the early 21st century, catalytic conversion of N2 into NH3 under ambient conditions has been achieved by using molecular catalysts, and now H2O has been utilized as a proton source with turnover frequencies reaching the values found for biological nitrogen fixation. In this review, recent advances in the development of molecular catalysts for synthetic N2 fixation under ambient or mild conditions are summarized, and potential directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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9
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Kuriyama S, Nishibayashi Y. Development of catalytic nitrogen fixation using transition metal complexes not relevant to nitrogenases. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Masero F, Perrin MA, Dey S, Mougel V. Dinitrogen Fixation: Rationalizing Strategies Utilizing Molecular Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3892-3928. [PMID: 32914919 PMCID: PMC7986120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, but its inertness hinders its use as a nitrogen source in the biosphere and in industry. Efficient catalysts are hence required to ov. ercome the high kinetic barriers associated to N2 transformation. In that respect, molecular complexes have demonstrated strong potential to mediate N2 functionalization reactions under mild conditions while providing a straightforward understanding of the reaction mechanisms. This Review emphasizes the strategies for N2 reduction and functionalization using molecular transition metal and actinide complexes according to their proposed reaction mechanisms, distinguishing complexes inducing cleavage of the N≡N bond before (dissociative mechanism) or concomitantly with functionalization (associative mechanism). We present here the main examples of stoichiometric and catalytic N2 functionalization reactions following these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marie A. Perrin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
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11
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Matveeva R, Blasius CK, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Reactivity of a T-shaped cobalt(I) pincer-complex. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6802-6810. [PMID: 34032245 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of a paramagnetic T-shaped cobalt(i) complex, [(iPrboxmi)Co], stabilised by a monoanionic bis(oxazolinylmethylidene)-isoindolate (boxmi) NNN pincer ligand is described. The exposure to carbon monoxide as an additional neutral ligand resulted in the square-planar species [(iPrboxmi)Co(CO)], accompanied by a change in the electronic spin state from S = 1 to S = 0. In contrast, upon treatment with trimethylphosphine the formation of the distorted tetrahedral complex [(iPrboxmi)Co(PMe3)] was observed (S = 1). Reacting [(iPrboxmi)Co] with iodine (I2), organic peroxides (tBu2O2, (SiMe3)2O2) and diphenyldisulphide (Ph2S2) yielded the tetracoordinated complexes [(iPrboxmi)CoI], [(iPrboxmi)Co(OtBu)], [(iPrboxmi)Co(OSiMe3)] and [(iPrboxmi)Co(SPh)], respectively, demonstrating the capability of the boxmi-supported cobalt(i) complex to homolytically cleave bonds and thus its distinct one-electron reactivity. Furthermore, a square-planar cobalt(ii) alkynyl complex [(iPrboxmi)Co(CCArF)] was identified as the main product in the reaction between [(iPrboxmi)Co] and a terminal alkyne, 4-fluoro-1-ethynylbenzene. Putting such species in the context of the previously investigated hydroboration catalysis, its stoichiometric reaction with pinacolborane revealed its potential conversion into a cobalt(ii) hydride complex, thus confirming its original attribution as off-cycle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Matveeva
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Clemens K Blasius
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lutz H Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Kawakami R, Kuriyama S, Tanaka H, Konomi A, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Iridium-catalyzed Formation of Silylamine from Dinitrogen under Ambient Reaction Conditions. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kawakami
- Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Science, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 457-8530, Japan
| | - Asuka Konomi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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13
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Cha J, Kwon H, Song H, Lee E. Dinitrogen activation by a penta-pyridyl molybdenum complex. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12945-12949. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02692a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new dinitrogen (N2) molybdenum(0) complex supported exclusively by pyridine ligands was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Cha
- Department of Chemistry
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- 37673 Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchul Kwon
- Department of Chemistry
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- 37673 Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Department of Chemistry
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- 37673 Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- 37673 Pohang
- Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science
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