1
|
Wostatek T, Chirala VYMR, Stoddard N, Civas EN, Pimputkar S, Schimmel S. Ammonothermal Crystal Growth of Functional Nitrides for Semiconductor Devices: Status and Potential. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3104. [PMID: 38998188 PMCID: PMC11242142 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art ammonothermal method for the growth of nitrides is reviewed here, with an emphasis on binary and ternary nitrides beyond GaN. A wide range of relevant aspects are covered, from fundamental autoclave technology, to reactivity and solubility of elements, to synthesized crystalline nitride materials and their properties. Initially, the potential of emerging and novel nitrides is discussed, motivating their synthesis in single crystal form. This is followed by a summary of our current understanding of the reactivity/solubility of species and the state-of-the-art single crystal synthesis for GaN, AlN, AlGaN, BN, InN, and, more generally, ternary and higher order nitrides. Investigation of the synthesized materials is presented, with a focus on point defects (impurities, native defects including hydrogenated vacancies) based on GaN and potential pathways for their mitigation or circumvention for achieving a wide range of controllable functional and structural material properties. Lastly, recent developments in autoclave technology are reviewed, based on GaN, with a focus on advances in development of in situ technologies, including in situ temperature measurements, optical absorption via UV/Vis spectroscopy, imaging of the solution and crystals via optical (visible, X-ray), along with use of X-ray computed tomography and diffraction. While time intensive to develop, these technologies are now capable of offering unprecedented insight into the autoclave and, hence, facilitating the rapid exploration of novel nitride synthesis using the ammonothermal method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wostatek
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Electron Devices (LEB), Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - V. Y. M. Rajesh Chirala
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Electron Devices (LEB), Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathan Stoddard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Ege N. Civas
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Electron Devices (LEB), Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siddha Pimputkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Saskia Schimmel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Electron Devices (LEB), Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pritzl RM, Pointner MM, Witthaut K, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. Tunable Narrow-Band Cyan-Emission of Eu 2+-doped Nitridomagnesophosphates Ba 3-xSr x[Mg 2P 10N 20] : Eu 2+ (x=0-3). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403648. [PMID: 38567876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Tetrahedron-based nitrides offer a wide range of properties and applications. Highly condensed nitridophosphates are examples of nitrides that exhibit fascinating luminescence properties when doped with Eu2+, making them appealing for industrial applications. Here, we present the first nitridomagnesophosphate solid solution series Ba3-xSrx[Mg2P10N20] : Eu2+ (x=0-3), synthesized by a high-pressure high-temperature approach using the multianvil technique (3 GPa, 1400 °C). Starting from the binary nitrides P3N5 and Mg3N2 and the respective alkaline earth azides, we incorporate Mg into the P/N framework to increase the degree of condensation κ to 0.6, the highest observed value for alkaline earth nitridophosphates. The crystal structure was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and solid-state NMR. DFT calculations were performed on the title compounds and other related highly condensed nitridophosphates to investigate the influence of Mg in the P/N network. Eu2+-doped samples of the solid solution series show a tunable narrow-band emission from cyan to green (492-515 nm), which is attributed to the preferred doping of a single crystallographic site. Experimental confirmation of this assumption was provided by overdoping experiments and STEM-HAADF studies on the series as well on the stoichiometric compound Ba2Eu[Mg2P10N20] with additional atomic resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard M Pritzl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika M Pointner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Witthaut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen (LPCA), Lumileds (Germany) GmbH, Philipsstraße 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter J Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen (LPCA), Lumileds (Germany) GmbH, Philipsstraße 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pritzl RM, Witthaut K, Dialer M, Buda AT, Milman V, Bayarjargal L, Winkler B, Schnick W. Trigonal Planar [PN 3] 4- Anion in the Nitridophosphate Oxide Ba 3[PN 3]O. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405849. [PMID: 38779989 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitridophosphates, with their primary structural motif of isolated or condensed PN4 tetrahedra, meet many requirements for high performance materials. Their properties are associated with their structural diversity, which is mainly limited by this specific building block. Herein, we present the alkaline earth metal nitridophosphate oxide Ba3[PN3]O featuring a trigonal planar [PN3]4- anion. Ba3[PN3]O was obtained using a hot isostatic press by medium-pressure high-temperature synthesis (MP/HT) at 200 MPa and 880 °C. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data in space group R3 ‾ ${\bar 3}$ c (no. 167) and confirmed by SEM-EDX, magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, vibrational spectroscopy (Raman, IR) and low-cost crystallographic calculations (LCC). MP/HT synthesis reveals great potential by extending the structural chemistry of P to include trigonal planar [PN3]4- motifs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard M Pritzl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Witthaut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marwin Dialer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Amalina T Buda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Victor Milman
- Dassault Systèmes BIOVIA, CB4 0WN, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lkhamsuren Bayarjargal
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Björn Winkler
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neodymium europium oxynitridosilicates of β-K2SO4 type: Structural, magnetic and red luminescence properties. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
5
|
Wendl S, Zipkat M, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. Synthesis of Nitride Zeolites in a Hot Isostatic Press. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4470-4473. [PMID: 33201554 PMCID: PMC7985876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recently introduced nitridophosphate synthesis in a hot isostatic press (HIP) enabled simple access to large‐scale product quantities starting from exclusively commercially available starting materials. Herein, we show that this method is suitable for the synthesis of highly condensed functional nitridophosphates, as well. Hence, the syntheses of the nitridophosphate zeolites Ba3P5N10X (X=Cl, Br) are presented as proof of concept for this innovative access. Furthermore, samples of unprecedented Sr3P5N10X (X=Cl, Br) were prepared and characterized to demonstrate the advantages of this synthetic approach over commonly used methods. Luminescence investigations on Eu2+‐doped samples of AE3P5N10X (AE=Sr, Ba; X=Cl, Br) were carried out and characteristics of observed emission bands are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Mirjam Zipkat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen, Lumileds (Germany) GmbH, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter J Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen, Lumileds (Germany) GmbH, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wendl S, Zipkat M, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. Synthesis of Nitride Zeolites in a Hot Isostatic Press. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Mirjam Zipkat
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen Lumileds (Germany) GmbH Philipsstr. 8 52068 Aachen Germany
| | - Peter J. Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen Lumileds (Germany) GmbH Philipsstr. 8 52068 Aachen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wendl S, Seidl L, Schüler P, Schnick W. Post‐Synthetic Modification: Systematic Study on a Simple Access to Nitridophosphates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Lisa Seidl
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Patrick Schüler
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wendl S, Seidl L, Schüler P, Schnick W. Post-Synthetic Modification: Systematic Study on a Simple Access to Nitridophosphates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23579-23582. [PMID: 32941701 PMCID: PMC7756662 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitridophosphates are a well‐studied class of nitrides with diverse materials properties, such as luminescence or ion conductivity. Despite the growing interest in this compound class, their synthesis mostly works through direct combination of starting materials. Herein, we present a systematic study on a promising method for post‐synthetic modification by treating pre‐synthesized nitridophosphates with halides under elevated pressures and temperatures. Herein, we focus on the applicability of this approach to P/N compounds with different degrees of condensation. Accordingly, BaP2N4, Ba3P5N10Br, SrH4P6N12, CaP8N14, and Ca2PN3 are investigated as model compounds for framework‐, layer‐, and chain‐type nitridophosphates. The formation of structurally related, as well as, completely unrelated compounds, compared to the starting materials, shows the great potential of the approach, which increases the synthetic possibilities for nitridophosphates significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Lisa Seidl
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Patrick Schüler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wendl S, Mardazad S, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. HIP to be Square: Simplifying Nitridophosphate Synthesis in a Hot Isostatic Press. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18240-18243. [PMID: 32644230 PMCID: PMC7590079 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
(Oxo)Nitridophosphates have recently been identified as a promising compound class for application in the field of solid-state lighting. Especially, the latest medium-pressure syntheses under ammonothermal conditions draw attention of the semiconductor and lighting industry on nitridophosphates. In this contribution, we introduce hot isostatic presses as a new type of medium-pressure synthetic tool, further simplifying nitridophosphate synthesis. In a second step, phosphorus nitride was replaced as starting material by red phosphorus, enabling the synthesis of Ca2 PN3 as model compound, starting only from readily available compounds. Moreover, first luminescence investigations on Eu2+ -doped samples reveal Ca2 PN3 :Eu2+ as a promising broad-band red-emitter (λem =650 nm; fwhm=1972 cm-1 ). Besides simple handling, the presented synthetic method offers access to large sample volumes, and the underlying reaction conditions facilitate single-crystal growth, required for excellent optical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Sara Mardazad
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center AachenLumileds (Germany) GmbHPhilipsstraße 852068AachenGermany
| | - Peter J. Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center AachenLumileds (Germany) GmbHPhilipsstraße 852068AachenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wendl S, Mardazad S, Strobel P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. HIP to be Square: Simplifying Nitridophosphate Synthesis in a Hot Isostatic Press. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendl
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Sara Mardazad
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Philipp Strobel
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen Lumileds (Germany) GmbH Philipsstraße 8 52068 Aachen Germany
| | - Peter J. Schmidt
- Lumileds Phosphor Center Aachen Lumileds (Germany) GmbH Philipsstraße 8 52068 Aachen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| |
Collapse
|