1
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Budagumpi S, Keri RS, Nagaraju D, Yhobu Z, Monica V, Geetha B, Kadu RD, Neole N. Progress in the catalytic applications of cobalt N–heterocyclic carbene complexes: Emphasis on their synthesis, structure and mechanism. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Forti F, Gubbels L, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. 2-D Molecular Alloy Ru-M (M = Cu, Ag, and Au) Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Catalysis, and Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14726-14741. [PMID: 36069711 PMCID: PMC9490753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The reactions of
[HRu3(CO)11]− (1) with M(I) (M = Cu, Ag, and Au) compounds such as
[Cu(CH3CN)4][BF4], AgNO3, and Au(Et2S)Cl afford the 2-D molecular alloy clusters
[CuRu6(CO)22]− (2), [AgRu6(CO)22]− (3), and [AuRu5(CO)19]− (4), respectively. The reactions of 2–4 with PPh3 result in mixtures of products, among which
[Cu2Ru8(CO)26]2– (5), Ru4(CO)12(CuPPh3)4 (6), Ru4(CO)12(AgPPh3)4 (7), Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2 (8), and HRu3(OH)(CO)7(PPh3)3 (9) have been isolated
and characterized. The molecular structures of 2–6 and 9 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray
diffraction. The metal–metal bonding within 2–5 has been computationally investigated by density functional theory
methods. In addition, the [NEt4]+ salts of 2–4 have been tested as catalyst precursors for transfer
hydrogenation on the model substrate 4-fluoroacetophenone using iPrOH as a solvent and a hydrogen source. Heterometallic Ru−M (M = Cu, Ag,
and Au) carbonyl
clusters possessing a 2-D metal core have been investigated by structural
and computational methods and tested as catalyst precursors for transfer
hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis─C3, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis─C3, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Gubbels
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis─C3, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Verpekin VV, Chudin OS, Vasiliev AD, Kondrasenko AA, Shor AM, Burmakina GV, Zimonin DV, Maksimov NG, Rubaylo AI. Trinuclear ReFePt clusters with a μ 3-phenylvinylidene ligand: synthetic approaches, rearrangement of vinylidene, and redox-induced transformations. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:324-339. [PMID: 34897333 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of trinuclear μ3-vinylidene ReFePt clusters were synthesized by the application of two approaches: (i) reactions of the binuclear RePt μ-vinylidene complexes with Fe2(CO)9; (ii) ligand substitution or exchange reactions at the Pt atom in the synthesized ReFePt clusters. The molecular structures of CpReFePt(μ3-CCHPh)(CO)5[P(OEt)3]L [L = CO; P(OEt)3] were determined by an X-ray diffraction study. The obtained compounds were studied by IR and 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic study revealed that the clusters CpReFePt(μ3-CCHPh)(CO)5[P(OEt)3]L [L = CO; P(OEt)3] and CpReFePt(μ3-CCHPh)(CO)6[P(OPri)3] undergo isomerization upon dissolution, resulting in three isomers with different positions of the μ3-vinylidene ligand over the ReFePt core. The redox properties of the clusters were studied by electrochemical methods. The relatively stable cation-radicals obtained by chemical oxidation of CpReFePt(μ3-CCHPh)(CO)6[P(OPri)3] and CpReFePt(μ3-CCHPh)(CO)5[P(OEt)3]2 with ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate were characterized by EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Verpekin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Oleg S Chudin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Alexander D Vasiliev
- Institute of Physics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-38, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.,Siberian Federal University, Svobodny Prospect, 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Alexander A Kondrasenko
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Aleksey M Shor
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Galina V Burmakina
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Zimonin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. .,Siberian Federal University, Svobodny Prospect, 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
| | - Nikolai G Maksimov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Anatoly I Rubaylo
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, 50-24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. .,Siberian Federal University, Svobodny Prospect, 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
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4
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Mikhaylov VN, Balova IA. Alternative Transformations of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of the Group 11 Metals in Transmetalation Reactions (A Review). RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Hanusch F, Munz D, Sutter J, Meyer K, Inoue S. A Zwitterionic Heterobimetallic Gold-Iron Complex Supported by Bis(N-Heterocyclic Imine)Silyliumylidene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23274-23280. [PMID: 34411406 PMCID: PMC8596601 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of the first bis-N-heterocyclic imine-stabilized chlorosilyliumylidene 1 is reported. Remarkably, consecutive reaction of 1 with PPh3 AuCl and K2 Fe(CO)4 gives rise to the unique heterobimetallic complex 1,2-(Mes NHI)2 -C2 H4 -ClSiAuFe(CO)4 (4). The overall neutral complex 4 bears an unusual linear Si-Au-Fe structure and a rare anagostic interaction between the d10 -configured gold atom and a CH bond of the mesityl ligand. According to the computational analysis and 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, the formal Fe-oxidation state remains at -II. Thus, the electronic structure of 4 is best described as an overall neutral-yet zwitterionic-heterobimetallic "Si(II)+ -Au(I)+ -Fe(-II)2- "-silyliumylidene complex, derived from double anion exchange. The computational analysis indicates strong hyperconjugative back donation from the gold(I) atom to the silyliumylidene ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of ChemistryCatalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon ChemistryTechnische Universität München (TUM)Lichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyInorganic Chemistry: Coordination ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C4 166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Egerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Sutter
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Egerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Egerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of ChemistryCatalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon ChemistryTechnische Universität München (TUM)Lichtenbergstrasse 485748Garching bei MünchenGermany
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6
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Hanusch F, Munz D, Sutter J, Meyer K, Inoue S. A Zwitterionic Heterobimetallic Gold–Iron Complex Supported by Bis(
N
‐Heterocyclic Imine)Silyliumylidene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry Technische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jörg Sutter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry Technische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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7
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Cesari C, Berti B, Calcagno F, Lucarelli C, Garavelli M, Mazzoni R, Rivalta I, Zacchini S. Bimetallic Co–M (M = Cu, Ag, and Au) Carbonyl Complexes Supported by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Synthesis, Structures, Computational Investigation, and Catalysis for Ammonia Borane Dehydrogenation. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Berti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Lucarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, I-22100 Como, Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Rivalta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 allée d’Italie, F69364 Lyon, France
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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8
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Cesari C, Shon JH, Zacchini S, Berben LA. Metal carbonyl clusters of groups 8-10: synthesis and catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9503-9539. [PMID: 34259674 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we discuss advances in the chemistry of metal carbonyl clusters (MCCs) spanning the last three decades, with an emphasis on the more recent reports and those involving groups 8-10 elements. Synthetic methods have advanced and been refined, leading to higher-nuclearity clusters and a wider array of structures and nuclearities. Our understanding of the electronic structure in MCCs has advanced to a point where molecular chemistry tools and other advanced tools can probe their properties at a level of detail that surpasses that possible with other nanomaterials and solid-state materials. MCCs therefore advance our understanding of structure-property-reactivity correlations in other higher-nuclearity materials. With respect to catalysis, this article focuses only on homogeneous applications, but it includes both thermally and electrochemically driven catalysis. Applications in thermally driven catalysis have found success where the reaction conditions stabilise the compounds toward loss of CO. In more recent years, MCCs, which exhibit delocalised bonding and possess many electron-withdrawing CO ligands, have emerged as very stable and effective for reductive electrocatalysis reactions since reduction often strengthens M-C(O) bonds and since room-temperature reaction conditions are sufficient for driving the electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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9
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Copper carbene complexes. Synthesis and structural analysis of a chloro-bridged dicopper cation and the triosmium-copper carbene cluster complex HOs3(CO)11[µ-Cu(IPr)]. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Cesari C, Berti B, Calcagno F, Femoni C, Garavelli M, Iapalucci MC, Rivalta I, Zacchini S. Polymerization Isomerism in Co-M (M = Cu, Ag, Au) Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis, Structures and Computational Investigation. Molecules 2021; 26:1529. [PMID: 33799629 PMCID: PMC7998641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of [Co(CO)4]- (1) with M(I) compounds (M = Cu, Ag, Au) was reinvestigated unraveling an unprecedented case of polymerization isomerism. Thus, as previously reported, the trinuclear clusters [M{Co(CO)4}2]- (M = Cu, 2; Ag, 3; Au, 4) were obtained by reacting 1 with M(I) in a 2:1 molar ratio. Their molecular structures were corroborated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) on isomorphous [NEt4][M{Co(CO)4}2] salts. [NEt4](3)represented the first structural characterization of 3. More interestingly, changing the crystallization conditions of solutions of 3, the hexanuclear cluster [Ag2{Co(CO)4}4]2- (5) was obtained in the solid state instead of 3. Its molecular structure was determined by SC-XRD as Na2(5)·C4H6O2, [PPN]2(5)·C5H12 (PPN = N(PPh3)2]+), [NBu4]2(5) and [NMe4]2(5) salts. 5 may be viewed as a dimer of 3 and, thus, it represents a rare case of polymerization isomerism (that is, two compounds having the same elemental composition but different molecular weights) in cluster chemistry. The phenomenon was further studied in solution by IR and ESI-MS measurements and theoretically investigated by computational methods. Both experimental evidence and density functional theory (DFT) calculations clearly pointed out that the dimerization process occurs in the solid state only in the case of Ag, whereas Cu and Au related species exist only as monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy; (B.B.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (M.C.I.); (I.R.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy; (B.B.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (M.G.); (M.C.I.); (I.R.)
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11
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Shcherbina NA, Kazakov IV, Spiridonova DV, Suslonov VV, Khoroshilova OV, Mikhailov VN, Timoshkin AY. Reaction of In(C6F5)3Et2O with Complexes of Copper and Silver Monochlorides with N,N′-Bis(isopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220120440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Perez NM, Higashijima GY, Ramos VM, de Lima Batista AP, Nikolaou S. Probing solvents effects on the absorption spectrum of oxo-centered carbonyl-triruthenium clusters. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Berti B, Bortoluzzi M, Cesari C, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Soleri L, Zacchini S. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and DFT Investigations of [M xM' 5-xFe 4(CO) 16] 3- (M, M' = Cu, Ag, Au; M ≠ M') 2-D Molecular Alloy Clusters. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15936-15952. [PMID: 33081462 PMCID: PMC8015236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Miscellaneous 2-D molecular alloy clusters of the type [MxM'5-xFe4(CO)16]3- (M, M' = Cu, Ag, Au; M ≠ M') have been prepared through the reactions of [Cu3Fe3(CO)12]3-, [Ag4Fe4(CO)16]4- or [M5Fe4(CO)16]3- (M = Cu, Ag) with M'(I) salts (M' = Cu, Ag, Au). Their formation involves a combination of oxidation, condensation, and substitution reactions. The total structures of several [MxM'5-xFe4(CO)16]3- clusters with different compositions have been determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) and their nature in solution elucidated by electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and IR and UV-visible spectroscopy. Substitutional and compositional disorder is present in the solid state structures, and ESI-MS analyses point out that mixtures of isostructural clusters differing by a few M/M' coinage metals are present. SC-XRD studies indicate some site preferences of the coinage metals within the metal cores of these clusters, with Au preferentially in corner sites and Cu in the central site. DFT studies give theoretical support to the experimental structural evidence. The site preference is mainly dictated by the strength of the Fe-M bonds that decreases in the order Fe-Au > Fe-Ag > Fe-Cu, and the preferred structure is the one that maximizes the number of stronger Fe-M interactions. Overall, the molecular nature of these clusters allows their structures to be fully revealed with atomic precision, resulting in the elucidation of the bonding parameters that determine the distribution of the different metals within their metal cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Berti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Soleri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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