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Boysen N, Devi A. Liquid injection field desorption/ionization as a powerful tool to characterize volatile, labile, and reactive metal-organic complexes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:12-20. [PMID: 36579795 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221146687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) is often used to characterize volatile and thermally stable organometallic complexes relevant for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. However, this method has limitations for thermally unstable and labile organometallic complexes. In this context, EI-MS is not the preferred method of choice for characterizing such compounds. With three different representative organometallic complexes based on the transition metals yttrium, iridium, and silver, relevant as precursors for CVD of different materials, the significance of liquid injection field desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LIFDI-MS) as an important precursor characterization tool is exemplified. The precursors are not only reactive toward ambient air, but also thermally labile especially in the case of iridium and silver complexes. As a promising alternative, LIFDI-MS is used to overcome the limitations of EI-MS. For the first time, these complexes were successfully analyzed using LIFDI-MS. The comparison between EI-MS and LIFDI-MS highlights that LIFDI-MS is superior for the mass spectrometric analysis of sensitive and labile complexes. In terms of precursor characterization, LIFDI-MS can be fully exploited to gain valuable insights into the decomposition mechanisms and identifying the nuclearity of organometallic precursors used for CVD applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Boysen
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC), 9142Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC), 9142Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Hand AT, Lamb AC, Richmond MG, Wang X, Steren CA, Xue ZL. Syntheses of Group 5 Amide Amidinates and Their Reactions with Water: Different Reactivities of Nb(V) and Ta(V) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19075-19087. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Hand
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Adam C. Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Michael G. Richmond
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Carlos A. Steren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Zi-Ling Xue
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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Carrillo-Hermosilla F, Fernández-Galán R, Ramos A, Elorriaga D. Guanidinates as Alternative Ligands for Organometallic Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:5962. [PMID: 36144698 PMCID: PMC9501388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, ligands such as phosphanes or cyclopentadienyl ring derivatives have dominated Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry. At the same time, alternative compounds have emerged that could compete either for a more practical and accessible synthesis or for greater control of steric and electronic properties. Guanidines, nitrogen-rich compounds, appear as one such potential alternatives as ligands or proligands. In addition to occurring in a plethora of natural compounds, and thus in compounds of pharmacological use, guanidines allow a wide variety of coordination modes to different metal centers along the periodic table, with their monoanionic chelate derivatives being the most common. In this review, we focused on the organometallic chemistry of guanidinato compounds, discussing selected examples of coordination modes, reactivity and uses in catalysis or materials science. We believe that these amazing ligands offer a new promise in Organometallic Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Carrillo-Hermosilla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica—Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Liu R, Yang S, Ding Y, Xia D. Study on thermodynamic property of pyrrolylaldiminate dialkyl-aluminum (Methyl- and Ethyl- substituted) complexes. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ermakova E, Kosinova M. Organosilicon compounds as single-source precursors for SiCN films production. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Beer SMJ, Boysen N, Muriqi A, Zanders D, Berning T, Rogalla D, Bock C, Nolan M, Devi A. A study on the influence of ligand variation on formamidinate complexes of yttrium: new precursors for atomic layer deposition of yttrium oxide. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12944-12956. [PMID: 34581336 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01634b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a series of closely related Y(III) compounds comprising the formamidinate ligands (RNCHNR) (R = alkyl) is reported, with the scope of using them as prospective precursors for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) thin films. The influence of the side chain variation on the thermal properties of the resulting complexes is studied and benchmarked by thermal analysis and vapor pressure measurements. Density functional theory (DFT) studies give theoretical insights into the reactivity of the compounds towards water, which was targeted as a co-reactant for the deposition of Y2O3via thermal ALD in the next step. Among the four complexes analyzed, tris(N,N'-di-tert-butyl-formamidinato)yttrium(III) [Y(tBu2-famd)3] 1 was found to possess enhanced thermal stability and was selected for Y2O3 ALD process development. A broad ALD window ranging from 200 °C to 325 °C was obtained, yielding films of high compositional quality. Furthermore, with a film density of (4.95 ± 0.05) g cm-1 close to the bulk value, polycrystalline fcc Y2O3 layers with a smooth topography resulted in promising dielectric properties when implemented in metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) capacitor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M J Beer
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Nils Boysen
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Arbresha Muriqi
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - David Zanders
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Berning
- Chair of Microsystems Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Detlef Rogalla
- RUBION, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Bock
- Chair of Microsystems Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Nolan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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Pöcheim A, Marschner C, Baumgartner J. Rare-Earth-Silyl ate-Complexes Opening a Door to Selective Manipulations. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8218-8226. [PMID: 34033463 PMCID: PMC8188526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of a number of rare-earth (RE) trichlorides and an oligosilanylene diide containing a siloxane unit in the backbone in DME are described. The formed products of the type [(DME)4·K][(DME)·RE(Cl)2{Si(SiMe3)2SiMe2}2O] (RE = Y, La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Tb, Dy, and Er) are disilylated dichloro metalate complexes and include the first examples of Si-La and Si-Pr compounds as well as the first structurally characterized example of a Si-Dy complex. A most intriguing aspect of the synthesis of these complexes is that they offer entry into a systematic study of the still largely unexplored field of silyl RE complexes by the possibility of ligand exchange reactions under preservation of the Si-RE interaction. This was demonstrated by the conversion of [(DME)4·K][(DME)·RE(Cl)2{Si(SiMe3)2SiMe2}2O] to [(DME)4·K][Cp2Y{Si(SiMe3)2SiMe2}2O].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pöcheim
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Evans KJ, Morton PA, Sangster C, Mansell SM. One-step synthesis of heteroleptic rare-earth amide complexes featuring fluorenyl-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Boysen N, Zanders D, Berning T, Beer SMJ, Rogalla D, Bock C, Devi A. Atomic layer deposition of dielectric Y 2O 3 thin films from a homoleptic yttrium formamidinate precursor and water. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2565-2574. [PMID: 35424225 PMCID: PMC8693876 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09876k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the application of tris(N,N'-diisopropyl-formamidinato)yttrium(iii) [Y(DPfAMD)3] as a promising precursor in a water-assisted thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for the fabrication of high quality Y2O3 thin films in a wide temperature range of 150 °C to 325 °C. This precursor exhibits distinct advantages such as improved chemical and thermal stability over the existing Y2O3 ALD precursors including the homoleptic and closely related yttrium tris-amidinate [Y(DPAMD)3] and tris-guanidinate [Y(DPDMG)3], leading to excellent thin film characteristics. Smooth, homogeneous, and polycrystalline (fcc) Y2O3 thin films were deposited at 300 °C with a growth rate of 1.36 Å per cycle. At this temperature, contamination levels of C and N were under the detectable limits of nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirmed the high purity and stoichiometry of the thin films. From the electrical characterization of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices, a permittivity of 13.9 at 1 MHz could be obtained, while the electric breakdown field is in the range of 4.2 and 6.1 MV cm-1. Furthermore, an interface trap density of 1.25 × 1011 cm-2 and low leakage current density around 10-7 A cm-2 at 2 MV cm-1 are determined, which satisfies the requirements of gate oxides for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Boysen
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - David Zanders
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Thomas Berning
- Microsystems Technology, Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Sebastian M J Beer
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | | | - Claudia Bock
- Microsystems Technology, Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
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