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Farac NF, Lough AJ, Bender TP. Bulking Up the Bay-Position Substituents Enables Enhanced Selectivity of Cs-Symmetric Boron Subphthalocyanine-Subnaphthalocyanine Hybrids. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2024; 2:161-181. [PMID: 38665332 PMCID: PMC11041118 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The precise synthesis of subporphyrinoid hybrids with π-expanded topologies and unique material properties plays a promising role in the design of functional macrocycles. Easy, selective, and controllable routes to boron subphthalocyanine-subnaphthalocyanine hybrids, Bsub(Pc3-p-Ncp)s, are desirable for this purpose yet synthetically challenging due to random mixtures of Cs-, C3v-, and, in some cases, C1-symmetric compounds that form during traditional statistical mixed cyclotrimerizations. Herein, we addressed this issue by developing a sterically driven mixed cyclotrimerization with enhanced selectivity for the targeted Cs-symmetric hybrid and complete suppression of sterically crowded macrocyclic byproducts. This process, coupled with a rationally designed precursor bearing bulky phenyl substituents, enabled the synthesis and characterization of bay-position phenylated Ph2-(Rp)8Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids with halogens (Rp = Cl or F) in their peripheral isoindole rings. Reaction selectivity ranged between 59 and 72% with remarkable yields, significantly higher than that of conventional mixed cyclotrimerizations. These findings were augmented by theoretical calculations on precursor Lewis basicity as guiding principles into hybrid macrocycle formation. Additionally, the incorporation of unfused phenyl groups and halogen atoms into the hybrid framework resulted in fine-tuned optical, structural, electronic, and electrochemical properties. This straightforward approach achieved improved selectivity and controlled narrowing of the product distribution, affording the efficient synthesis of structurally sophisticated Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids. This then expands the library of 3-dimensional π-extended macrocycles for use in a range of applications, such as in optoelectronic devices with precisely tailored optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F. Farac
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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Mills HA, Rahman S, Zigelstein R, Xu H, Varju BR, Bender TP, Wilson MWB, Seferos DS. Sequence-Defined Conjugated Oligomers in Donor-Acceptor Dyads. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23519-23526. [PMID: 37862238 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated macromolecules have a rich history in chemistry, owing to their chemical arrangements that intertwine physical and electronic properties. The continuing study and application of these systems, however, necessitates the development of atomically precise models that bridge the gap between molecules, polymers, and/or their blends. One class of conjugated polymers that have facilitated the advancement of structure-property relationships is discrete, precision oligomers that have remained an outstanding synthetic challenge with only a handful of reported examples. Here we show the first synthesis of molecular dyads featuring sequence-defined oligothiophene donors covalently linked a to small-molecule acceptor. These dyads serve as a platform for probing complex photophysical interactions involving sequence-defined oligomers. This assessment is facilitated through the unprecedented control of oligothiophene length- and sequence-dependent arrangement relative to the acceptor unit, made possible by the incorporation of hydroxyl-containing side chains at precise positions along the backbone through sequence-defined oligomerizations. We show that both the oligothiophene sequence and length play complementary roles in determining the transfer efficiency of photoexcited states. Overall, the work highlights the importance of the spatial arrangement of donor-acceptor systems that are commonly studied for a range of uses, including light harvesting and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison A Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Samihat Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Rachel Zigelstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Bryton R Varju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Timothy P Bender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Mark W B Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Bukuroshi E, Mizrahi A, Gross Z, Bender TP. Variables of the Analytical Electrochemical Data Acquisition for Boron Subphthalocyanines. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Bukuroshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street M5S 3E4 Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Amir Mizrahi
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Israel Institute of Technology (Technion) 3200008 Haifa Israel
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Kibbutz Kfar Hamaccabi IL 84105 Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Zeev Gross
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Israel Institute of Technology (Technion) 3200008 Haifa Israel
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street M5S 3E4 Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St George Street M5S 3H6 Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto 184 College Street M5S 3E4 Toronto Ontario Canada
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