Metalated Ir–CNP Complexes Containing Imidazolin‐2‐ylidene and Imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene Donors – Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, and Metal–Ligand Cooperative Reactivity

Catalytic Nitrous Oxide Reduction with H2 Mediated by Pincer Ir Complexes

Reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) with H2 to N2 and water is an attractive process for the decomposition of this greenhouse gas to environmentally benign species. Herein, a series of iridium complexes based on proton-responsive pincer ligands (1-4) are shown to catalyze the hydrogenation of N2O under mild conditions (2 bar H2/N2O (1:1), 30 °C). Among the tested catalysts, the Ir complex 4, based on a lutidine-derived CNP pincer ligand having nonequivalent phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) side donors, gave rise to the highest catalytic activity (turnover frequency (TOF) = 11.9 h-1 at 30 °C, and 16.4 h-1 at 55 °C). Insights into the reaction mechanism with 4 have been obtained through NMR spectroscopy. Thus, reaction of 4 with N2O in tetrahydrofuran-d8 (THF-d8) initially produces deprotonated (at the NHC arm) species 5NHC, which readily reacts with H2 to regenerate the trihydride complex 4. However, prolonged exposure of 4 to N2O for 6 h yields the dinitrogen Ir(I) complex 7P, having a deprotonated (at the P-arm) pincer ligand. Complex 7P is a poor catalytic precursor in the N2O hydrogenation, pointing out to the formation of 7P as a catalyst deactivation pathway. Moreover, when the reaction of 4 with N2O is carried out in wet THF-d8, formation of a new species, which has been assigned to the hydroxo species 8, is observed. Finally, taking into account the experimental results, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to get information on the catalytic cycle steps. Calculations are in agreement with 4 as the TOF-determining intermediate (TDI) and the transfer of an apical hydrido ligand to the terminal nitrogen atom of N2O as the TOF-determining transition state (TDTS), with very similar reaction rates for the mechanisms involving either the NHC- or the P-CH2 pincer methylene linkers.

Ammonia-Borane Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by Dual-Mode Proton-Responsive Ir-CNNH Complexes

Metal complexes incorporating proton-responsive ligands have been proved to be superior catalysts in reactions involving the H₂ molecule. In this contribution, a series of Ir^III complexes based on lutidine-derived CNN^H pincers containing N-heterocyclic carbene and secondary amino NHR [R = Ph (4a), tBu (4b), benzyl (4c)] donors as flanking groups have been synthesized and tested in the dehydrogenation of ammonia–borane (NH₃BH₃, AB) in the presence of substoichiometric amounts (2.5 equiv) of tBuOK. These preactivated derivatives are efficient catalysts in AB dehydrogenation in THF at room temperature, albeit significantly different reaction rates were observed. Thus, by using 0.4 mol % of 4a, 1.0 equiv of H₂ per mole of AB was released in 8.5 min (turnover frequency (TOF_50%) = 1875 h^–1), while complexes 4b and 4c (0.8 mol %) exhibited lower catalytic activities (TOF_50% = 55–60 h^–1). 4a is currently the best performing Ir^III homogeneous catalyst for AB dehydrogenation. Kinetic rate measurements show a zero-order dependence with respect to AB, and first order with the catalyst in the dehydrogenation with 4a (−d[AB]/dt = k[4a]). Conversely, the reaction with 4b is second order in AB and first order in the catalyst (−d[AB]/dt = k[4b][AB]²). Moreover, the reactions of the derivatives 4a and 4b with an excess of tBuOK (2.5 equiv) have been analyzed through NMR spectroscopy. For the former precursor, formation of the iridate 5 was observed as a result of a double deprotonation at the amine and the NHC pincer arm. In marked contrast, in the case of 4b, a monodeprotonated (at the pincer NHC-arm) species 6 is observed upon reaction with tBuOK. Complex 6 is capable of activating H₂ reversibly to yield the trihydride derivative 7. Finally, DFT calculations of the first AB dehydrogenation step catalyzed by 5 has been performed at the DFT//MN15 level of theory in order to get information on the predominant metal–ligand cooperation mode.

Iridium complexes based on CNN^H ligands containing two potential proton-responsive sites—a lutidine scaffold and a secondary amino group—have been tested in the dehydrogenation of ammonia-borane. Upon reaction with base, depending on the amino group acidity, mono- or doubly deprotonated species exhibiting significantly different catalytic activities were observed.