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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fernández Escámez P, Spiropoulos J, Iulietto MF, Ortiz‐Peláez A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Evaluation of the application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat including Category 1 animal by-products (BDI-RepCat ® process, AT). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06511. [PMID: 33889218 PMCID: PMC8048768 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new alternative method for the production of biodiesel from rendered fat, including animal by-product (ABP) Category 1 tallow, was evaluated. The method consists of a conversion phase, based on esterification and transesterification in a single step (at temperature ≥ 200°C, pressure ≥ 70 bar with a retention time ≥ 15 min), using MgO as a catalyst and in the presence of methanol (10-15%), followed by vacuum distillation (at ≥ 150°C, ≤ 10 mbar) of the end-product, biodiesel and the co-product, glycerine. Prions (PrPS c), which are abnormal isoforms of the prion protein, were considered by the applicant to be the most resistant hazard. In accordance with previous EFSA Opinions and current expert evaluation, a reduction in prion infectivity, or detectable PrPS c, of at least 6 log10 should be achieved for the process to be considered equivalent to the processing method laid down in the Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. Published data from an experimental replication of the conversion step of the biodiesel production process under consideration were provided, which showed an at least 6 log10 reduction in detectable PrPS c, by Western blot, in tallow that had been spiked with murine and human prion strains. In addition, it was demonstrated that the presence of methanol does not affect the recovery or detection of PrPS c from a biodiesel substrate. Based on scientific literature, the vacuum distillation step has been shown to be capable of achieving an additional 3 log10 reduction in PrPS c. Therefore, the proposed alternative method is considered to be at least equivalent to the processing method laid down in the legislation for the production of biodiesel from raw materials including Category 1 ABP.
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Mohammadi B, Raudner R, Shafiq M, Ahn E, Altmeppen HC, Glatzel M. Influence of Methanol on Prion Reduction during High Temperature and High Pressure Oleochemical Processes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE) Martinistrasse 52 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Robert Raudner
- BDI‐BioEnergy International GmbH Parkring 18 8074 Raaba‐Grambach Austria
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE) Martinistrasse 52 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Edgar Ahn
- BDI‐BioEnergy International GmbH Parkring 18 8074 Raaba‐Grambach Austria
| | - Hermann C. Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE) Martinistrasse 52 20246 Hamburg Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE) Martinistrasse 52 20246 Hamburg Germany
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andréoletti O, Escámez PF, Griffin J, Spiropoulos J, Ashe S, Ortiz-Peláez A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. Evaluation of an alternative method for production of biodiesel from processed fats derived from Category 1, 2 and 3 animal by-products (submitted by College Proteins). EFSA J 2020; 18:e06089. [PMID: 32874297 PMCID: PMC7448056 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An alternative method for the production of biodiesel from processed fats derived from Category 1, 2 and 3 animal by-products was assessed. The method is based on a pre-cleaning process, acidic esterification/transesterification of tallow using 1.5% methanesulfonic acid w/w; 140°C; 5.5 bar absolute pressure (bara); 4 h, followed by fractional distillation. The application focuses on the capacity of the alternative method to inactivate prions. Given the limitations that biodiesel presents for direct measurement of prion infectivity, the BIOHAZ Panel considered, based on the outcome of previous EFSA Opinions and current expert evaluation, that a reduction of 6 log10 in detectable PrPS c signal would be necessary to consider the process at least equivalent to previously approved methods for Category 1 animal by-products. This is in addition to the inactivation achieved by the pressure sterilisation method applied before the application of any biodiesel production method. Experimental data were provided via ad hoc studies commissioned to quantify the reduction in detectable PrPS c in material spiked with scrapie hamster strain 263K, as measured by western blot, for the first two steps, with distillation assumed to provide at least an additional 3 log10 reduction, based on published data. Despite the intrinsic methodological caveats of the detection of PrPS c in laboratory studies, the BIOHAZ Panel considers that the alternative method, including the final fractional distillation, is capable of achieving the required 6 log10 reduction of the strain 263K PrPS c signal. Therefore, the method under assessment can be considered at least equivalent to the processing methods previously approved for the production of biodiesel from all categories of animal by-product raw materials. It is recommended to check the feasibility of the proposed HACCP plan by recording the main processing parameters for a certain time period under real industrial conditions.
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Girones R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Alvarez Ordoñez A, Griffin J, Spiropoulos J, Vanopdenbosch E, Correia S, Fernández Escámez PS. Evaluation of the Application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat of Cat 1 (BDI-RepCat process, AT). EFSA J 2017; 15:e05053. [PMID: 32625346 PMCID: PMC7009799 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new alternative method for the production of biodiesel from rendered fat of all categories of animal by‐products was assessed. The process was compared to the approved biodiesel production process described in Chapter IV Section 2 D of Annex IV of Commission Regulation (EU) 142/2011. Tallow derived from Category 1 material is treated according to Method 1 from the same Regulation (133°C, 20 min, 3 bar) and subsequently mixed with 15% methanol, heated to reaction temperature (220°C) in several heat exchangers and transferred into the continuous conversion reactor by means of a high pressure pump (80 bar) for 30 min. In the conversion phase, there is an exposure to methanol in the absence of alkaline or acidic conditions. The impact of this procedure on the thermostability of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) has not been assessed in the literature. After the reaction, the biodiesel/glycerol mixture is distilled under vacuum at a minimum temperature of 150°C and a maximum pressure of 10 mbar, which is equivalent to the distillation step in the approved biodiesel production process, for which a 3 log10 reduction factor in PrP27–30 was obtained. Therefore, a similar level of TSE infectivity reduction could be expected for that phase of the method. A previous EFSA Opinion established that a reduction of 6 log10 in TSE infectivity should be achieved by any proposed alternative method in order to be equivalent to the approved processing method. This level of reduction has not been shown with experimental trials run under conditions equivalent to the ones described for the RepCat process. It was not possible to conclude whether or not the level of TSE infectivity reduction in the RepCat process is at least of 6 log10. Therefore, it was also not possible to conclude about the equivalence with the approved biodiesel production process.
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Mulloy KB, Sumner SA, Rose C, Conway GA, Reynolds SJ, Davidson ME, Heidel DS, Layde PM. Renewable energy and occupational health and safety research directions: a white paper from the Energy Summit, Denver Colorado, April 11-13, 2011. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:1359-70. [PMID: 23996832 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Renewable energy production may offer advantages to human health by way of less pollution and fewer climate-change associated ill-health effects. Limited data suggests that renewable energy will also offer benefits to workers in the form of reduced occupational injury, illness and deaths. However, studies of worker safety and health in the industry are limited. The Mountain and Plains Education and Research Center (MAP ERC) Energy Summit held in April 2011 explored issues concerning worker health and safety in the renewable energy industry. The limited information on hazards of working in the renewable energy industry emphasizes the need for further research. Two basic approaches to guiding both prevention and future research should include: (1) applying lessons learned from other fields of occupational safety and health, particularly the extractive energy industry; and (2) utilizing knowledge of occupational hazards of specific materials and processes used in the renewable energy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B. Mulloy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health; Colorado School of Public Health; Aurora; Colorado
| | - Steven A. Sumner
- Department of Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; North Carolina
| | - Cecile Rose
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health; National Jewish Health; Denver; Colorado
| | - George A. Conway
- Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Program, Alaska Pacific Regional Office; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Anchorage; Alaska
| | - Stephen J. Reynolds
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Ft. Collins; Colorado
| | - Margaret E. Davidson
- High Plains Intermountain Center for Agricultural Health and Safety; Colorado State University; Ft. Collins; Colorado
| | - Donna S. Heidel
- Education and Information Division; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati; Ohio
| | - Peter M. Layde
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Injury Research Center; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee; Wisconsin
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Bruederle CE, Hnasko RM, Kraemer T, Garcia RA, Haas MJ, Marmer WN, Carter JM. Prion infected meat-and-bone meal is still infectious after biodiesel production. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2969. [PMID: 18698417 PMCID: PMC2493038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has led to a world-wide drop in the market for beef by-products, such as Meat-and-Bone Meal (MBM), a fat-containing but mainly proteinaceaous product traditionally used as an animal feed supplement. While normal rendering is insufficient, the production of biodiesel from MBM has been suggested to destroy infectivity from transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). In addition to producing fuel, this method simultaneously generates a nutritious solid residue. In our study we produced biodiesel from MBM under defined conditions using a modified form of alkaline methanolysis. We evaluated the presence of prion in the three resulting phases of the biodiesel reaction (Biodiesel, Glycerol and Solid Residue) in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of the reaction products from 263K scrapie infected MBM led to no detectable immunoreactivity by Western Blot. Importantly, and in contrast to the biochemical results the solid MBM residue from the reaction retained infectivity when tested in an animal bioassay. Histochemical analysis of hamster brains inoculated with the solid residue showed typical spongiform degeneration and vacuolation. Re-inoculation of these brains into a new cohort of hamsters led to onset of clinical scrapie symptoms within 75 days, suggesting that the specific infectivity of the prion protein was not changed during the biodiesel process. The biodiesel reaction cannot be considered a viable prion decontamination method for MBM, although we observed increased survival time of hamsters and reduced infectivity greater than 6 log orders in the solid MBM residue. Furthermore, results from our study compare for the first time prion detection by Western Blot versus an infectivity bioassay for analysis of biodiesel reaction products. We could show that biochemical analysis alone is insufficient for detection of prion infectivity after a biodiesel process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin E Bruederle
- USDA-ARS WRRC, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Albany, California, United States of America.
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Douma MD, Kerr GM, Brown RS, Keller BO, Oleschuk RD. Mass spectrometric detection of proteins in non-aqueous media — The case of prion proteins in biodiesel. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Limitations in efficient extraction, minimization of media interferences, and suitable sample preparation methods pose significant challenges to the successful detection of protein traces in non-aqueous media. Here we present a filtration method, employing filter disks with embedded C8-modified silica particles, that allows the capture of proteins from non-aqueous sample volumes. The extraction process is followed by elution of the protein from the filter disk and by either direct mass spectrometric detection or tryptic digestion followed by peptide mapping and MS/MS fragmentation of protein-specific peptides. The method is applied to spiked biodiesel samples for the detection of prion proteins. The tryptic peptide with sequence YPGQGSPGGNR is specific for prion proteins and can be used for unambiguous identification. The developed extraction method has the potential application to be used for large-scale testing of protein impurities in non-aqueous media, for instance as a safety and quality control tool in the animal tallow-based biodiesel production process.Key words: protein detection, MALDI, non-aqueous media, filtration
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