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Badaoui W, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Valero-Rodriguez JM, Sanchez-Jerez P, Arechavala-Lopez P, Toledo-Guedes K. Metabolomic and Lipidomic Tools for Tracing Fish Escapes from Aquaculture Facilities. ACS FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 4:871-879. [PMID: 38660052 PMCID: PMC11036387 DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
During adverse atmospheric events, enormous damage can occur at marine aquaculture facilities, as was the case during Storm Gloria in the southeastern Spanish Mediterranean in January 2020, with massive fish escapes. Fishes that escape were caught by professional fishermen. The objective of this study was to identify biomarkers in fish that enable differentiation among wild fish, escaped farm-raised fish, and farm-raised fish kept in aquaculture facilities until their slaughter. We focused on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). We used nuclear magnetic resonance to search for possible biomarkers. We found that wild gilthead sea bream showed higher levels of taurine and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in their muscle and higher levels of ω-3 fatty acids, whereas farm-escaped and farmed gilthead sea bream raised until slaughter exhibit higher levels of ω-6 fatty acids. From choline, carnitine, creatinine, betaine, or lecithin, trimethylamine (TMA) is synthesized in the intestine by the action of bacterial microflora. In the liver, TMA is oxidized to TMAO and transported to muscle cells. The identified biomarkers will improve the traceability of gilthead sea bream by distinguishing wild specimens from those raised in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warda Badaoui
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agricultural Chemistry and
Edafology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig
s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Frutos C. Marhuenda-Egea
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agricultural Chemistry and
Edafology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig
s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Sanchez-Jerez
- Department
of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo Arechavala-Lopez
- Mediterranean
Institute of Advanced Studies (IMEDEA-CSIC), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
| | - Kilian Toledo-Guedes
- Department
of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Rosa A, Nieddu M, Masala C, Marincola FC, Porcedda S, Piras A. Waste salt from the manufacturing process of mullet bottarga as source of oil with nutritional and nutraceutical properties. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5363-5372. [PMID: 32542835 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sardinian food delicacy 'bottarga' is the final product of a number of treatments (salting and drying) on the ovaries of mullet (Mugil spp) and represents an important natural source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) with nutraceutical properties. During the salting process of mullet roes to obtain bottarga, huge amounts of waste salt are generated, rich in residual ovary material. RESULTS We evaluated the lipid composition (main lipid components and fatty acids) and bioactivity of oil obtained from the ovary material separated from waste salt (waste salt oil). Oil was obtained by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2 ), an environmentally friendly separation technique. The lipid composition of waste salt oil was determined by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13 C-NMR) spectroscopy and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-DAD/ELSD) chromatography. The oil was characterized by a relatively high level of n-3 PUFA (122 ± 7 g kg-1 of oil), and these beneficial health compounds were mainly present in the form of wax esters. Waste salt oil showed a marked cytotoxic effect [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay] in cancer B16F10 melanoma cells, with a slight cytotoxic effect in normal cells (3T3 fibroblasts). Waste salt and its derivatives (salt oil and residual material after oil extraction) were also tested for the attractant effect and acceptability to insects (Ceratitis capitata) to gain preliminary information about their potential application for animal supplementation. CONCLUSION The results qualify waste salt as a potential resource for veterinary dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mariella Nieddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Flaminia Cesare Marincola
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Silvia Porcedda
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piras
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, Italy
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Xie HK, Li A, Zhao MT, Zhang M, Liu ZY, Yin FW, Liu XY, Zhou DY, Shahidi F, Zhu BW. Effects of antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB) on the oxidative susceptibility of glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine in dried scallop (Argopecten irradians) adductor muscle during storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rosa A, Isola R, Nieddu M, Masala C. The Role of Lipid Composition in the Sensory Attributes and Acceptability of the Salted and Dried Mullet Roes (Bottarga): A Study in Human and Animal Models. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113454. [PMID: 33187182 PMCID: PMC7697620 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A taste component is implicated in the oro-sensory detection of dietary lipids and free fatty acids seem to be involved in fatty food recognition. Bottarga, the salted and semi-dried ovary product of mullet (Mugil spp.), is a rich-fat food. A comparative sensory assessment of different commercial bottarga samples was performed in insect and human models in relation to their lipid composition. The bottarga attractant effect to Ceratitis capitata was assessed by behavioral tests. The subjective odor and taste perception of bottarga samples was investigated in human determining the rate of pleasantness, familiarity, and intensity dimensions using the 7-points Likert-type scale. Bottarga samples showed similar lipid profiles, but differences emerged in total and free fatty acid levels. Significant differences were observed in the attractant effect/acceptability of samples to medflies, negatively correlated to their total and free fatty acids. Insect female exhibited the ability to select among bottarga samples based on their visual and olfactory properties. In the human model, a potential contribution of free fatty acid amount in the pleasantness and familiarity dimensions of taste of bottarga samples was evidenced. Women exhibited a greater ability than men to select bottarga samples based on their better olfactory perception. Our results increase the knowledge about this outstanding product with nutritional and nutraceutical properties.
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Influence of the Technological Process on the Biochemical Composition of Fresh Roe and Bottarga from Liza ramada and Mugil cephalus. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101408. [PMID: 33020416 PMCID: PMC7600528 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bottarga is a high-priced delicacy with high nutritional value, and, in Italy, bottarga from mullets has been recognized to be a traditional food product. The flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus and the thinlip grey mullet Liza ramada are the main cultured grey mullets in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, fresh roe and bottarga from these two species were investigated to evaluate the influence of the technological process and the species on their biochemical composition and health advantages. The 1 h/200 g salting-out step did not increase the levels of NaCl in the bottarga, although it highly decreased the levels of some heavy metals like Cu and Al. Processing of fresh roe in bottarga led to an essential modification of the lipid fraction, following a general series of monousatturated fatty acid (MUFA)> poliunsutturated fatti acid (PUFA) > saturated fatty acid (SAFA) and an increase in both ω3 and ω6 in Liza ramada. Moreover, bottarga showed higher levels of squalene and cholesterol and an increased Essential Amino Acid/Total Amino Acid ratio (EAA/TAA) in both species. In addition to the nutritional benefits for the consumer, the process proposed in this study may represent a reliable tool for local producers to obtain a final bottarga with both a reproducible biochemical composition and organoleptic characteristics.
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Physico-chemical, colorimetric, rheological parameters and chemometric discrimination of the origin of Mugil cephalus' roes during the manufacturing process of Bottarga. Food Res Int 2018; 108:128-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rosa A, Atzeri A, Putzu D, Scano P. A diet enriched with Mugil cephalus processed roes modulates the tissue lipid profile in healthy rats: a biochemical and chemometric assessment. Food Funct 2016; 7:202-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01202c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a diet enriched with mullet bottarga on the lipid profile (total lipids, total cholesterol, unsaturated fatty acids, α-tocopherol, and hydroperoxides) of plasma, liver, kidney, brain, and perirenal adipose tissues of healthy rats was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - A. Atzeri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - D. Putzu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - P. Scano
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cittadella Universitaria
- 09042 Monserrato
- Italy
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Restuccia D, Spizzirri UG, Bonesi M, Tundis R, Menichini F, Picci N, Loizzo MR. Evaluation of fatty acids and biogenic amines profiles in mullet and tuna roe during six months of storage at 4°C. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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van Amerongen YF, Roy U, Spaink HP, de Groot HJM, Huster D, Schiller J, Alia A. Zebrafish brain lipid characterization and quantification by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Zebrafish 2014; 11:240-7. [PMID: 24707799 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Zebrafish models for these diseases have been recently developed. The detailed brain lipid composition of the adult zebrafish is not known, and therefore, the representativeness of these models cannot be properly evaluated. In this study, we characterized the total lipid composition of healthy adult zebrafish using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A close resemblance of the zebrafish brain composition is shown in comparison to the human brain. Moreover, several lipids involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, docosahexaenoic acid, and further, polyunsaturated fatty acids) are detected and quantified. These lipids might represent useful biomarkers in future research toward human therapies. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with high-performance thin-layer chromatography was used for further characterization of zebrafish brain lipids. Our results show that the lipid composition of the zebrafish brain is rather similar to the human brain and thus confirms that zebrafish represents a good model for studying various brain diseases.
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Cai H, Chen Y, Cui X, Cai S, Chen Z. High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy of fish muscle, eggs and small whole fish via Hadamard-encoded intermolecular multiple-quantum coherence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86422. [PMID: 24466083 PMCID: PMC3895039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become an important technique for tissue studies. Since tissues are in semisolid-state, their high-resolution (HR) spectra cannot be obtained by conventional NMR spectroscopy. Because of this restriction, extraction and high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) are widely applied for HR NMR spectra of tissues. However, both of the methods are subject to limitations. In this study, the feasibility of HR (1)H NMR spectroscopy based on intermolecular multiple-quantum coherence (iMQC) technique is explored using fish muscle, fish eggs, and a whole fish as examples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intact salmon muscle tissues, intact eggs from shishamo smelt and a whole fish (Siamese algae eater) are studied by using conventional 1D one-pulse sequence, Hadamard-encoded iMQC sequence, and HR MAS. RESULTS When we use the conventional 1D one-pulse sequence, hardly any useful spectral information can be obtained due to the severe field inhomogeneity. By contrast, HR NMR spectra can be obtained in a short period of time by using the Hadamard-encoded iMQC method without shimming. Most signals from fatty acids and small metabolites can be observed. Compared to HR MAS, the iMQC method is non-invasive, but the resolution and the sensitivity of resulting spectra are not as high as those of HR MAS spectra. CONCLUSION Due to the immunity to field inhomogeneity, the iMQC technique can be a proper supplement to HR MAS, and it provides an alternative for the investigation in cases with field distortions and with samples unsuitable for spinning. The acquisition time of the proposed method is greatly reduced by introduction of the Hadamard-encoded technique, in comparison with that of conventional iMQC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Cai
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohong Cui
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (XC)
| | - Shuhui Cai
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (XC)
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Rosa A, Scano P, Atzeri A, Deiana M, Falchi AM. Potential anti-tumor effects of Mugil cephalus processed roe extracts on colon cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:471-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lipid components and water soluble metabolites in salted and dried tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) roes. Food Chem 2013; 138:2115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Scano P, Rosa A, Locci E, Manzo G, Dessì MA. Modifications of the 1H NMR metabolite profile of processed mullet (Mugil cephalus) roes under different storage conditions. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2012; 50:436-442. [PMID: 22528285 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
(1)H NMR spectroscopy was employed to study the modifications over time of the water-soluble low molecular weight metabolites extracted from samples of salted and dried mullet (Mugil cephalus) roes (mullet bottarga) stored at different conditions. Samples of grated mullet bottarga were stored for 7 months at -20 °C, at 3 °C, and at room temperature in the presence and in the absence of light and then timely extracted and analyzed by NMR. Principal component multivariate data analysis applied to the spectral data indicated that samples stored at -20 °C maintained similar features over time whereas, along PC1, samples stored at room temperature in the presence and in the absence of light showed, over time, marked metabolite modifications. The comparative analysis of the integrated areas of the selected regions of the (1)H NMR spectra indicated that the major compositional changes due to storage conditions were (i) the increase of the derivatives of the breakdown of phosphatidylcholine (choline, phosphorylcholine, and glycerol), (ii) the breakdown of nucleosides, (iii) the decrease of methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, and (iv) the cyclization of creatine. These changes were observed at different storage conditions, with more pronounced trends in the samples stored at room temperature. The role of metabolites in food aging is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
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Rosa A, Scano P, Atzeri A, Deiana M, Mereu S, Dessì MA. Effect of Storage Conditions on Lipid Components and Color of Mugil cephalus Processed Roes. J Food Sci 2011; 77:C107-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rosa A, Atzeri A, Deiana M, Melis MP, Loru D, Incani A, Cabboi B, Dessì MA. Effect of aqueous and lipophilic mullet (Mugil cephalus) Bottarga extracts on the growth and lipid profile of intestinal Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1658-1666. [PMID: 21299240 DOI: 10.1021/jf1034256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The importance of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake has long been recognized in human nutrition. Although health benefits, n-3 PUFA are subject to rapid and/or extensive oxidation during processing and storage, resulting in potential alteration in nutritional composition and quality of food. Bottarga, a salted and semi-dried mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) ovary product, is proposed as an important source of n-3 PUFA, having high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work, we investigated the extent of lipid oxidation of grated bottarga samples during 7 months of storage at -20 °C and room temperature under light exposure. Cell viability, lipid composition, and lipid peroxidation were measured in intestinal differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers after 6-48 h of incubation with lipid and hydrophilic extracts obtained from bottarga samples at different storage conditions. The storage of bottarga did not affect the n-3 PUFA level, but differences were observed in hydroperoxide levels in samples from different storage conditions. All tested bottarga extracts did not show a toxic effect on cell viability of differentiated Caco-2 cells. Epithelial cells incubated with bottarga oil had significant changes in fatty acid composition but not in cholesterol levels with an accumulation of EPA, DHA, and 22:5. Cell hydroperoxides were higher in treated cells, in relation to the oxidative status of bottarga oil. Moreover, the bottarga lipid extract showed an in vitro inhibitory effect on the growth of a colon cancer cell line (undifferentiated Caco-2 cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rosa
- Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Sezione di Patologia Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Cagliari , Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, Km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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Scano P, Rosa A, Mereu S, Piras C, Atzeri A, Dessi MA. Multivariate fatty acid and fatty alcohol profile of mullet bottarga. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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