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Zhou J, Lee YY, Mao Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Future of Structured Lipids: Enzymatic Synthesis and Their New Applications in Food Systems. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162400. [PMID: 36010399 PMCID: PMC9407428 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured lipids (SLs) refer to a new type of functional lipid obtained by modifying natural triacylglycerol (TAG) through the restructuring of fatty acids, thereby altering the composition, structure, and distribution of fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbones. Due to the unique functional characteristics of SLs (easy to absorb, low in calories, reduced serum TAG, etc.), there is increasing interest in the research and application of SLs. SLs were initially prepared using chemical methods. With the wide application of enzymes in industries and the advantages of enzymatic synthesis (mild reaction conditions, high catalytic efficiency, environmental friendliness, etc.), synthesis of SLs using lipase has aroused great interest. This review summarizes the reaction system of SL production and introduces the enzymatic synthesis and application of some of the latest SLs discussed/developed in recent years, including medium- to long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT), diacylglycerol (DAG), EPA- and DHA-enriched TAG, human milk fat substitutes, and esterified propoxylated glycerol (EPG). Lastly, several new ways of applying SLs (powdered oil, DAG plastic fat, inert gas spray oil, and emulsion) in the future food industry are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yilin Mao
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Joint International Research Centre of Oilseed Biorefinery, Nutrition and Safety, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Wang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Correspondence:
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Cai ZZ, Wang HF, Li WZ, Lee WJ, Li W, Wang Y, Wang Y. Preparation of l-α-glyceryl phosphorylcholine by hydrolysis of soy lecithin using phospholipase A1 in a novel solvent-free water in oil system. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gonçalves KM, Junior II, Papadimitriou V, Zoumpanioti M, Leal ICR, de Souza ROMA, Cordeiro Y, Xenakis A. Nanoencapsulated Lecitase Ultra and Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase, a Comparative Structural Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6746-6756. [PMID: 27291999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two commercially available and widely used enzymes, the parent Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) and the shuffled phospholipase A1 Lecitase (Lecitase Ultra), were encapsulated in AOT/isooctane reverse micelles and evaluated regarding their structure and activity. Preparations were also tested as effective biocatalysts. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and fluorescence spectroscopy were the techniques applied to assess the effects of enzyme incorporation to a reverse micellar nanostructure. SAXS analysis showed that the radius of gyration (Rg) changed from 16 to 38 Å, as the water content (w0) increased. Elongated shapes were more commonly observed than spherical shapes after enzyme encapsulation. EPR studies indicated that enzymes do not participate in the interface, being located in the aqueous center. Fluorescence energy transfer showed that TLL is located in the water core, whereas Lecitase Ultra is closer to the interface. Enzymatic activity toward a standard esterification reaction endured after the enzyme was incorporated into the micelles. The activity of TLL for systems with w0 15 showed the highest conversion yield, 38% in 2 h, while the system with w0 10 showed the highest initial velocity, 0.43 μM/min. This last system had a Rg of 19.3 Å, similar to that of the TLL monomer. Lecitase Ultra showed the highest conversion yields in systems with w0 10, 55% in 2 h. However, the initial rate was much lower than that of TLL, suggesting less affinity for the substrates, which is expected since Lecitase Ultra is a phospholipase. In summary, we here used several spectroscopic and scattering techniques to reveal the shape and stability of TTL and Lecitase Ultra encapsulated systems, which allowed the selection of w0 values to provide optimized enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Gonçalves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ivaldo I Junior
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Vassiliki Papadimitriou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation , Athens 116 35, Greece
| | - Maria Zoumpanioti
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation , Athens 116 35, Greece
| | - Ivana C R Leal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O M A de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation , Athens 116 35, Greece
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Fast Production of Diacylglycerol in a Solvent Free System via Lipase Catalyzed Esterification Using a Bubble Column Reactor. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu N, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Zhao M. Production of palm oil-based diacylglycerol using Lecitase Ultra-catalyzed glycerolysis and molecular distillation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Hu DJ, Chen JM, Xia YM. A comparative study on production of middle chain diacylglycerol through enzymatic esterification and glycerolysis. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu Y, Guo S, Wang W, Wang Y, Yang B. Enzymatic hydrolysis of palm stearin to produce diacylglycerol with a highly thermostable lipase. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou; People's Republic of; China
| | - Shaohua Guo
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou; People's Republic of; China
| | - Weifei Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou; People's Republic of; China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou; People's Republic of; China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou; People's Republic of; China
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Liu N, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Cui C, Fu M, Zhao M. Immobilisation of lecitase® ultra for production of diacylglycerols by glycerolysis of soybean oil. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Liu N, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Zhang Q, Zhao M. Fast synthesis of 1,3-DAG by Lecitase® Ultra-catalyzed esterification in solvent-free system. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011; 113:973-979. [PMID: 21966255 PMCID: PMC3179843 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lecitase® Ultra, a phospholipase, was explored as an effective biocatalyst for direct esterification of glycerol with oleic acid to produce 1,3-DAG. Experiments were carried out in batch mode, and optimal reaction conditions were evaluated. In comparison with several organic solvent mediums, the solvent-free system was found to be more beneficial for this esterification reaction, which was further studied to investigate the reaction conditions including oleic acid/glycerol mole ratio, temperature, initial water content, enzyme load, and operating time. The results showed that Lecitase® Ultra catalyzed a fast synthesis of 1,3-DAG by direct esterification in a solvent-free medium. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a short reaction time 1.5 h was found to achieve the fatty acid esterification efficiency of 80.3 ± 1.2% and 1,3-DAG content of 54.8 ± 1.6 wt% (lipid layer of reaction mixture mass). The reusability of Lecitase® Ultra was evaluated via recycling the excess glycerol layer in the reaction system. DAG in the upper lipid layer of reaction mixture was purified by molecular distillation and the 1,3-DAG-enriched oil with a purity of about 75 wt% was obtained. Practical applications: The new Lecitase® Ultra catalyzed process for production of 1,3-DAG from glycerol and oleic acid described in this study provides several advantages over conventional methods including short reaction time, the absence of a solvents and a high product yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, China
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Sequential optimization of production of a thermostable and organic solvent tolerant lipase by recombinant Escherichia coli. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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