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An Updated Overview of Almond Allergens. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082578. [PMID: 34444737 PMCID: PMC8399460 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree nuts are considered an important food in healthy diets. However, for part of the world’s population, they are one of the most common sources of food allergens causing acute allergic reactions that can become life-threatening. They are part of the Big Eight food groups which are responsible for more than 90% of food allergy cases in the United States, and within this group, almond allergies are persistent and normally severe and life-threatening. Almond is generally consumed raw, toasted or as an integral part of other foods. Its dietary consumption is generally associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several almond proteins have been recognized as allergens. Six of them, namely Pru du 3, Pru du 4, Pru du 5, Pru du 6, Pru du 8 and Pru du 10, have been included in the WHO-IUIS list of allergens. Nevertheless, further studies are needed in relation to the accurate characterization of the already known almond allergens or putative ones and in relation to the IgE-binding properties of these allergens to avoid misidentifications. In this context, this work aims to critically review the almond allergy problematic and, specifically, to perform an extensive overview regarding known and novel putative almond allergens.
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Deng P, Cui B, Zhu H, Phommakoun B, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhao F, Zhao Z. Accumulation Pattern of Amygdalin and Prunasin and Its Correlation with Fruit and Kernel Agronomic Characteristics during Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel Development. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020397. [PMID: 33670310 PMCID: PMC7918717 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To reveal the accumulation pattern of cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin and prunasin) in bitter apricot kernels to further understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying differential accumulation during kernel development and ripening and explore the association between cyanogenic glycoside accumulation and the physical, chemical and biochemical indexes of fruits and kernels during fruit and kernel development, dynamic changes in physical characteristics (weight, moisture content, linear dimensions, derived parameters) and chemical and biochemical parameters (oil, amygdalin and prunasin contents, β-glucosidase activity) of fruits and kernels from ten apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars were systematically studied at 10 day intervals, from 20 days after flowering (DAF) until maturity. High variability in most of physical, chemical and biochemical parameters was found among the evaluated apricot cultivars and at different ripening stages. Kernel oil accumulation showed similar sigmoid patterns. Amygdalin and prunasin levels were undetectable in the sweet kernel cultivars throughout kernel development. During the early stages of apricot fruit development (before 50 DAF), the prunasin level in bitter kernels first increased, then decreased markedly; while the amygdalin level was present in quite small amounts and significantly lower than the prunasin level. From 50 to 70 DAF, prunasin further declined to zero; while amygdalin increased linearly and was significantly higher than the prunasin level, then decreased or increased slowly until full maturity. The cyanogenic glycoside accumulation pattern indicated a shift from a prunasin-dominated to an amygdalin-dominated state during bitter apricot kernel development and ripening. β-glucosidase catabolic enzyme activity was high during kernel development and ripening in all tested apricot cultivars, indicating that β-glucosidase was not important for amygdalin accumulation. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation of kernel amygdalin content with fruit dimension parameters, kernel oil content and β-glucosidase activity, but no or a weak positive correlation with kernel dimension parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the variance accumulation contribution rate of the first three principal components totaled 84.56%, and not only revealed differences in amygdalin and prunasin contents and β-glucosidase activity among cultivars, but also distinguished different developmental stages. The results can help us understand the metabolic mechanisms underlying differential cyanogenic glycoside accumulation in apricot kernels and provide a useful reference for breeding high- or low-amygdalin-content apricot cultivars and the agronomic management, intensive processing and exploitation of bitter apricot kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Deng
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Bei Cui
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hailan Zhu
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Buangurn Phommakoun
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Fei Zhao
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (P.D.); (B.C.); (H.Z.); (B.P.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Li X, Chen L, Hua Y, Chen Y, Kong X, Zhang C. Effect of preheating-induced denaturation during protein production on the structure and gelling properties of soybean proteins. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Souza TSP, Dias FFG, Oliveira JPS, de Moura Bell JMLN, Koblitz MGB. Biological properties of almond proteins produced by aqueous and enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processes from almond cake. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10873. [PMID: 32616827 PMCID: PMC7331752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The almond cake is a protein-rich residue generated by the mechanical expression of the almond oil. The effects of the aqueous (AEP) and enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processes (EAEP) on the biological properties of the almond cake protein were evaluated. Total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, inhibitory effects against crucial enzymes related to metabolic syndrome, antimicrobial potential, and in vitro protein digestibility profile were assessed. EAEP provided the best results for antioxidant capacity by both ORAC (397.2 µmol TE per g) and ABTS (650.5 µmol TE per g) methods and also showed a high (~ 98%) potential for α-glucosidase inhibition. The AEP resulted in protein extracts with the highest lipase inhibition (~ 70%) in a dose-dependent way. Enzymatic kinetic analyses revealed that EAEP generated uncompetitive inhibitors against α-glucosidase, while EAEP, AEP, and HEX-AEP (used as control) generated the same kind of inhibitors against lipase. No protein extract was effective against any of the bacteria strains tested at antimicrobial assays. An in silico theoretical hydrolysis of amandin subunits corroborated with the results found for antioxidant capacity, enzyme inhibitory experiments, and antimicrobial activity. Digestibility results indicated that the digestive proteases used were efficient in hydrolyzing almond proteins, regardless of the extraction applied and that HEX-AEP presented the highest digestibility (85%). In summary, EAEP and AEP skim proteins have the potential to be used as a nutraceutical ingredient. The biological properties observed in these extracts could help mitigate the development of metabolic syndrome where EAEP and AEP skim proteins could be potentially used as a prophylactic therapy for diabetes and obesity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiza S P de Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science, Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, 296, Pasteur Avenue, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 29622290-240, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F G Dias
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joana Paula S Oliveira
- Department of Food Science, Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, 296, Pasteur Avenue, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 29622290-240, Brazil
| | - Juliana M L N de Moura Bell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela B Koblitz
- Department of Food Science, Food and Nutrition Graduate Program, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, 296, Pasteur Avenue, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 29622290-240, Brazil.
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Kostadinović Veličkovska S, Catalin Moţ A, Mitrev S, Gulaboski R, Brühl L, Mirhosseini H, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R, Matthäus B. Bioactive compounds and "in vitro" antioxidant activity of some traditional and non-traditional cold-pressed edible oils from Macedonia. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:1614-1623. [PMID: 29666513 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive compounds and "in vitro" antioxidant activity measured by three antioxidant assays of some traditional and non-traditional cold-pressed edible oils from Macedonia were object of this study. The fatty acid composition showed dominance of monounsaturated oleic acid in "sweet" and "bitter" apricot kernel oils with percentages of 66.7 ± 0.5 and 57.8 ± 0.3%, respectively. The most dominant fatty acid in paprika seed oil was polyunsaturated linoleic acid with abundance of 69.6 ± 2.3%. The most abundant tocopherol was γ-tocopherol with the highest quantity in sesame seed oil (57.6 ± 0.1 mg/100 g oil). Paprika seed oil, sesame seed oil and sweet apricot oil were the richest source of phytosterols. DPPH assay was the most appropriate for the determination of the antioxidant activity of cold-pressed sunflower oil due to high abundance of α-tocopherol with a level of 22.8 ± 1.1 mg/100 g of oil. TEAC assay is the best for the determination of the antioxidant activity of sesame seed oil and paprika seed oils as the richest sources of phenolic compounds. β-carotene assay was the most suitable assay for oils obtained from high pigmented plant material. Triacylglycerols and phytosterol profiles can be used as useful markers for the origin, variety and purity of the oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kostadinović Veličkovska
- 1Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,2Faculty of Agriculture, University "Goce Delčev", Krste Misirkov bb, 2000 Štip, Macedonia.,3Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department for Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut, Schützenberg 12, 32756 Detmold, Germany
| | - Augustin Catalin Moţ
- 1Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Saša Mitrev
- 2Faculty of Agriculture, University "Goce Delčev", Krste Misirkov bb, 2000 Štip, Macedonia
| | - Rubin Gulaboski
- 2Faculty of Agriculture, University "Goce Delčev", Krste Misirkov bb, 2000 Štip, Macedonia
| | - Ludger Brühl
- 3Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department for Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut, Schützenberg 12, 32756 Detmold, Germany
| | - Hamed Mirhosseini
- 4Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Sri Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu
- 1Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bertrand Matthäus
- 3Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Department for Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut, Schützenberg 12, 32756 Detmold, Germany
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Tian H, Yan H, Tan S, Zhan P, Mao X, Wang P, Wang Z. Apricot Kernel Oil Ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-Associated Immunosuppression in Rats. Lipids 2016; 51:931-9. [PMID: 27262314 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary apricot kernel oil (AKO), which contains high levels of oleic and linoleic acids and lower levels of α-tocopherol, were evaluated in a rat model of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Rats had intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide to induce immunosuppression and were then infused with AKO or normal saline (NS) for 4 weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect antimicrobial factors in lymphocytes and anti-inflammatory factors in hepatocytes. Hematoxylin & eosin staining was conducted prior to histopathological analysis of the spleen, liver, and thymus. Significant differences were observed between the immune functions of the healthy control group, the normal saline group, and the AKO group. Compared to the normal saline-treated group, lymphocytes isolated from rats administered AKO showed significant improvement in immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM, IgG, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels (p < 0.01). Liver tissue levels of malondialdehyde and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase indicated reduced oxidative stress in rats treated with AKO (p < 0.01). Dietary AKO positively affected rat growth and inhibited cyclophosphamide-associated organ degeneration. These results suggested that AKO may enhance the immune system in vivo. These effects may reflect the activities of intermediate oleic and linoleic acid metabolites, which play a vital role in the immune system, and the α-tocopherol in AKO may further enhance this phenomenon. Thus, the use of AKO as a nutritional supplement can be proposed to ameliorate chemotherapy-associated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Tian
- Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwei Tan
- Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. .,Hangzhou Hospital for the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational diseases, Hanzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Zhan
- Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoying Mao
- Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- Food College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Zhu Y, Wilkinson KL, Wirthensohn MG. Lipophilic antioxidant content of almonds (Prunus dulcis): A regional and varietal study. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kostadinović Veličkovska S, Brühl L, Mitrev S, Mirhosseini H, Matthäus B. Quality evaluation of cold-pressed edible oils from Macedonia. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludger Brühl
- Max Rubner-Institut; Working Group for Lipid Research; Detmold Germany
| | - Saša Mitrev
- Faculty of Agriculture; University “Goce Delčev”; Štip Macedonia
| | - Hamed Mirhosseini
- Department of Food Technology; Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Bertrand Matthäus
- Max Rubner-Institut; Working Group for Lipid Research; Detmold Germany
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Tian H, Zhan P, Zhang H. Development of a fatty acid fingerprint of white apricot almond oil by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Tian
- Food College of Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University; School of Food Science and Technology; Wuxi Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Food College of Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University; School of Food Science and Technology; Wuxi Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Wang C, Xia W, Xu Y, Jiang Q, Yin S, Yang Y, Yu P. Anti-platelet-activating factor, antibacterial, and antiradical activities of lipids extract from silver carp brain. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:94. [PMID: 23805935 PMCID: PMC3717004 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have verified the protective role of fish lipids in cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of fish lipids on health boost remain undefined. Large amounts of by-products, such as fish brain which contains high level of lipids, are produced with silver carp processing. Fish brain is rich in bioactive lipids which are overwhelmingly effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the pharmacological activities of silver carp brain lipids against diseases by inhibiting platelet-activating factor (PAF), suppressing bacterial growth and scavenging free radicals. METHODS Total lipids (TL) were extracted from silver carp brain and separated into polar lipids (PL) and neutral lipids (NL). The capabilities of the lipid fractions in aggregating washed rabbit platelet or in inhibiting PAF-induced platelet aggregation were tested. Their antibacterial and antiradical activities were studied as well. RESULTS The lipid fractions exhibited strong inhibitory activities, and the activity of TL was mainly attributed to NL. TL exhibited antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, while NL managed to fight against S. aureus and Escherichia coli. PL excelled TL and NL in simultaneously suppressing the growths of Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi besides those of S. aureus and E. coli. The scavenging effect of PL on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was considerably higher than those of TL and NL. CONCLUSION The present study may help to explain the protective role of fish lipids against diseases and may be responsible for the effectiveness of fish brain in benefiting health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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