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Phuah ET, Lee YY, Tang TK, Akoh C, Cheong LZ, Tan CP, Wang Y, Lai OM. Nonconventional Technologies in Lipid Modifications. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2024; 15:409-430. [PMID: 38134384 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipid modifications play a crucial role in various fields, including food science, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel production. Traditional methods for lipid modifications involve physical and chemical approaches or enzymatic reactions, which often have limitations in terms of specificity, efficiency, and environmental impact. In recent years, nonconventional technologies have emerged as promising alternatives for lipid modifications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of nonconventional technologies for lipid modifications, including high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, ultrasound, ozonation, and cold plasma technology. The principles,mechanisms, and advantages of these technologies are discussed, along with their applications in lipid modification processes. Additionally, the challenges and future perspectives of nonconventional technologies in lipid modifications are addressed, highlighting the potential and challenges for further advancements in this field. The integration of nonconventional technologies with traditional methods has the potential to revolutionize lipid modifications, enabling the development of novel lipid-based products with enhanced functional properties and improved sustainability profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Tong Phuah
- Food Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, Darussalam
| | - Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Monash-Industry Plant Oils Research Laboratory, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teck-Kim Tang
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Casimir Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chin-Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Wang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
- International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety, JNU-UPM, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wang H, Li H, Lee CK, Mat Nanyan NS, Tay GS. Lipase-catalyzed solvent-free synthesis of monoglycerides from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol: Optimized using response surface methodology. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31292. [PMID: 38803901 PMCID: PMC11129007 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth of the biodiesel industry has resulted in significant quantity of crude glycerol. It is necessary to explore the synthesis of high-value-added products from crude glycerol. In this study, the enzymatic synthesis of monoglycerides under solvent-free conditions, employing crude glycerol as the primary feedstock, had been investigated. The analysis showed that the highest yield of monoglycerides was obtained after 12 h, and Novozym 435 showed the highest monoglyceride yield of 18.41 % among the three lipases tested, followed by Lipozyme TL IM and Lipozyme RM IM. Monoglycerides were synthesized from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol using Novozym 435 as the catalyst under solvent-free conditions at different parameters, which were catalyst concentration, substrate molar ratio, and temperature. The yield of monoglycerides was examined in single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) was subsequently employed to optimize the synthesis conditions based on the single-factor experimental results. The optimal conditions were at an enzyme concentration of 12.7 wt% and a molar ratio of crude glycerol:oil of 5.7:1 at a reaction temperature of 65.2 °C. The experimental yield of monoglycerides under the optimal conditions was 28.93 %, which is close to the value predicted from the RSM model (29.02 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM, 11800, Malaysia
| | - HongPeng Li
- Tangshan Jinlihai Biodiesel Co. Ltd., Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM, 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM, 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM, 11800, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM, 11800, Malaysia
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Wangi IP, Supriyanto, Sulistyo H, Hidayat C. Glycerolysis–interesterification in high-shear reactor using sodium silicate catalyst: effect of mixing rate on reaction kinetics. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-023-02383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Subroto E, Andoyo R, Indiarto R, Lembong E, Rahmani F. Physicochemical properties, sensory acceptability, and antioxidant activity of chocolate bar fortified by solid lipid nanoparticles of gallic acid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2115066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edy Subroto
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Robi Andoyo
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Rossi Indiarto
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Elazmanawati Lembong
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Fani Rahmani
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
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Selective Preparation of Monoricinolein by the Glycerolysis of Castor Oil Using Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquid as a Homogeneous catalyst. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sodium Silicate Catalyst for Synthesis Monoacylglycerol and Diacylglycerol-Rich Structured Lipids: Product Characteristic and Glycerolysis–Interesterification Kinetics. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.2.13306.250-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium silicate as heterogeneous base catalysts is more environmentally friendly and easily separated by filtration. The objective of this research was to evaluate the activated sodium silicate as catalyst for synthesis of monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich structured lipids (SLs) from a palm olein-stearin blend. Sodium silicate was activated and functional group was characterized. Reaction was performed using 5% catalyst (w/w) at various reaction temperature (70–120 °C) for 3 h in a batch stirred tank reactor. Physical properties of SLs, such as melting point, slip melting point, and hardness of SLs were determined. Reaction kinetics were also evaluated. The results show that Si−O bending was reduced and shifted to a Si−O−Na and Si−O−Si functional groups after sodium silicate activation. Temperature had a significant effect on SLs composition at higher than 90 °C. An increase in temperature produced more MAG, resulting in better product physical properties. The best reaction condition was at 110 °C. Rate constants and the Arrhenius equation were also obtained for each reaction step. In summary, the activated sodium silicate catalyzed glycerolysis-interesterification reaction, which produced MAG and DAG at temperature higher than 90 °C. Therefore, the physical properties of SLs were improved. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Ferreira GF, Pessoa JGB, Ríos Pinto LF, Maciel Filho R, Fregolente LV. Mono- and diglyceride production from microalgae: Challenges and prospects of high-value emulsifiers. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Awadallak JA, da Silva EA, da Silva C. Production of linseed diacylglycerol-rich oil by combined glycerolysis and esterification. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2020; 145:111937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Alvarez Serafini MS, Tonetto GM. Catalytic Synthesis of Monoglycerides by Glycerolysis of Triglycerides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The synthesis of monoglycerides by the transesterification of triglycerides with glycerol was studied using zinc glycerolate as a heterogeneous catalyst.
The effect of the operating variables on the triglyceride conversion and monoglyceride yield was evaluated. The maximum values of triglyceride conversion and monoglyceride yield reached at 2-hour reaction time were 83 and 49 %, respectively. These values were obtained at 240 °C with 3 % catalyst loading and glycerol/oil molar ratio of 6. When the molar ratio of the reactants was increased, the triglyceride conversion and monoglyceride yield achieved an optimum value. This behavior was related with a competitive adsorption of the reagents.
It was possible to reuse the catalyst without significant changes in activity.
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Liu WQ, Yang SZ, Gang HZ, Mu BZ, Liu JF. Efficient emulsifying properties of monoglycerides synthesized via simple and green route. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1638271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Ze Gang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Zhong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Affandi AR, Andarwulan N, Hariyadi P. PENGARUH WAKTU DAN SUHU GLISEROLISIS TERHADAP SIFAT KIMIA MONO-DIASILGLISEROL PADA SKALA PILOT PLANT. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2017. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2017.28.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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González-Fernández MJ, Ramos-Bueno RP, Rodríguez-García I, Guil-Guerrero JL. Purification process for MUFA- and PUFA-based monoacylglycerols from edible oils. Biochimie 2017; 139:107-114. [PMID: 28595901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Important health benefits have been attributed to monoacylglycerols (MAGs) due to their various physiological functions, owing to which they become candidates for use as functional foods in order to prevent the onset of certain diseases such as colon cancer. In this work, six edible oils, namely: olive, linseed, sunflower, evening primrose, DHASCO® and ARASCO® have been processed to obtain different MUFA- and PUFA- based MAGs. First, the oils were hydrolyzed by means of an enzymatic process using porcine pancreatic lipase and then the reaction products were fractionated by using a liquid chromatography column containing silica gel as stationary phase in order to purify the MAGs-enriched fraction. A second chromatography process was performed using silver nitrate coated silica gel as stationary phase, in order to obtain the different MUFA- and PUFA-based MAGs from the corresponding oils. Overall, MAGs based on oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, γ-linolenic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids have been isolated in high yields and purities (92.6, 97.4, 95.3, 90.9, 100 and 95.3% purity, respectively). Positional distribution was determined by means of 1H NMR, which revealed a mix of 1(3) and 2-MAGs in variable proportions in the different MAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J González-Fernández
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, E-040120, Almería, Spain
| | - R P Ramos-Bueno
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, E-040120, Almería, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez-García
- Organic Chemistry Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, E-040120, Almería, Spain
| | - J L Guil-Guerrero
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, E-040120, Almería, Spain.
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Awadallak JA, Reinehr TO, Molinari D, Raizer E, Cardozo‐Filho L, da Silva EA, da Silva C. The effect of ultrasound on the hydrolysis of soybean oil catalyzed by phospholipase. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Abd Awadallak
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM)MaringaParanáBrazil
- Department of Engineering and Exact SciencesUniversidade Federal do ParanáPalotinaParanáBrazil
| | - Thiago Olinek Reinehr
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências ExatasUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE)ToledoParanáBrazil
| | - Deise Molinari
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências ExatasUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE)ToledoParanáBrazil
| | - Eduardo Raizer
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências ExatasUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE)ToledoParanáBrazil
| | - Lucio Cardozo‐Filho
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM)MaringaParanáBrazil
| | - Edson Antonio da Silva
- Centro de Engenharias e Ciências ExatasUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE)ToledoParanáBrazil
| | - Camila da Silva
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM)MaringaParanáBrazil
- Departamento de TecnologiaUniversidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM)UmuaramaParanáBrazil
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14
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Promotional Effects of CeO2 on Stability and Activity of CaO for the Glycerolysis of Triglycerides. Catal Letters 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-016-1741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Satriana, Arpi N, Lubis YM, Adisalamun, Supardan MD, Mustapha WAW. Diacylglycerol-enriched oil production using chemical glycerolysis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satriana
- Department of Agriculture Product Technology; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor DE Malaysia
| | - Normalina Arpi
- Department of Agriculture Product Technology; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Yanti Meldasari Lubis
- Department of Agriculture Product Technology; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Adisalamun
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Dani Supardan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Syiah Kuala University; Darussalam Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Wan Aida Wan Mustapha
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Bangi Selangor DE Malaysia
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Ong HR, Khan MMR, Ramli R, Yunus RM, Rahman MW. Glycerolysis of palm oil using copper oxide nanoparticles combined with homogeneous base catalyst. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A hetero/homogeneous catalyst system was used in glycerolysis of oil and significantly improved the selectivity for monoglyceride at high oil conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei Ruey Ong
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang
- 26300 Gambang Pahang
- Malaysia
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)
| | - Md. Maksudur Rahman Khan
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang
- 26300 Gambang Pahang
- Malaysia
| | | | - Rosli Mohd Yunus
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang
- 26300 Gambang Pahang
- Malaysia
| | - Md. Wasikur Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang
- 26300 Gambang Pahang
- Malaysia
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Kinetics of layered double hydroxide catalyzed esterification of fatty acids with glycerol. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-015-0942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Huang Y, Gao Y, Zhong N. Selective Production of Diacylglycerols Through Glycerolysis by Ionic Liquid: 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Imidazolide as Catalyst and Reaction Medium. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhong N, Deng X, Huang J, Xu L, Hu K, Gao Y. Low-temperature chemical glycerolysis to produce diacylglycerols by heterogeneous base catalyst. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Zhong
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Deng
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Huang
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan P. R. China
| | - Kun Hu
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Gao
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan P. R. China
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Zhong N, Cheong LZ, Xu X. Strategies to obtain high content of monoacylglycerols. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Zhong
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan P. R. China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
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