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Massa M, Rivara M, Pertinhez TA, Compari C, Donofrio G, Cristofolini L, Orsi D, Franceschi V, Fisicaro E. Chemico-Physical Properties of Some 1,1'-Bis-alkyl-2,2'-hexane-1,6-diyl-bispyridinium Chlorides Hydrogenated and Partially Fluorinated for Gene Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083585. [PMID: 37110819 PMCID: PMC10145364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of very efficient and safe non-viral vectors, constituted mainly by cationic lipids bearing multiple charges, is a landmark for in vivo gene-based medicine. To understand the effect of the hydrophobic chain's length, we here report the synthesis, and the chemico-physical and biological characterization, of a new term of the homologous series of hydrogenated gemini bispyridinium surfactants, the 1,1'-bis-dodecyl-2,2'-hexane-1,6-diyl-bispyridinium chloride (GP12_6). Moreover, we have collected and compared the thermodynamic micellization parameters (cmc, changes in enthalpy, free energy, and entropy of micellization) obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments for hydrogenated surfactants GP12_6 and GP16_6, and for the partially fluorinated ones, FGPn (where n is the spacer length). The data obtained for GP12_6 by EMSA, MTT, transient transfection assays, and AFM imaging show that in this class of compounds, the gene delivery ability strictly depends on the spacer length but barely on the hydrophobic tail length. CD spectra have been shown to be a useful tool to verify the formation of lipoplexes due to the presence of a "tail" in the 288-320 nm region attributed to a chiroptical feature named ψ-phase. Ellipsometric measurements suggest that FGP6 and FGP8 (showing a very interesting gene delivery activity, when formulated with DOPE) act in a very similar way, and dissimilar from FGP4, exactly as in the case of transfection, and confirm the hypothesis suggested by previously obtained thermodynamic data about the requirement of a proper length of the spacer to allow the molecule to form a sort of molecular tong able to intercalate DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Massa
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Rivara
- Department Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Thelma A Pertinhez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlotta Compari
- Department Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Cristofolini
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Orsi
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Franceschi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Emilia Fisicaro
- Department Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Gene-Delivery Ability of New Hydrogenated and Partially Fluorinated Gemini bispyridinium Surfactants with Six Methylene Spacers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063062. [PMID: 35328483 PMCID: PMC8949414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic emergency determined by the spreading worldwide of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has focused the scientific and economic efforts of the pharmaceutical industry and governments on the possibility to fight the virus by genetic immunization. The genetic material must be delivered inside the cells by means of vectors. Due to the risk of adverse or immunogenic reaction or replication connected with the more efficient viral vectors, non-viral vectors are in many cases considered as a preferred strategy for gene delivery into eukaryotic cells. This paper is devoted to the evaluation of the gene delivery ability of new synthesized gemini bis-pyridinium surfactants with six methylene spacers, both hydrogenated and fluorinated, in comparison with compounds with spacers of different lengths, previously studied. Results from MTT proliferation assay, electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), transient transfection assay tests and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging confirm that pyridinium gemini surfactants could be a valuable tool for gene delivery purposes, but their performance is highly dependent on the spacer length and strictly related to their structure in solution. All the fluorinated compounds are unable to transfect RD-4 cells, if used alone, but they are all able to deliver a plasmid carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassette, when co-formulated with 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) in a 1:2 ratio. The fluorinated compounds with spacers formed by six (FGP6) and eight carbon atoms (FGP8) give rise to a very interesting gene delivery activity, greater to that of the commercial reagent, when formulated with DOPE. The hydrogenated compound GP16_6 is unable to sufficiently compact the DNA, as shown by AFM images.
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Rzycki M, Kaczorowska A, Kraszewski S, Drabik D. A Systematic Approach: Molecular Dynamics Study and Parametrisation of Gemini Type Cationic Surfactants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010939. [PMID: 34681599 PMCID: PMC8536075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spreading of antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains is one of the most serious problem in medicine to struggle nowadays. This triggered the development of alternative antimicrobial agents in recent years. One of such group is Gemini surfactants which are massively synthesised in various structural configurations to obtain the most effective antibacterial properties. Unfortunately, the comparison of antimicrobial effectiveness among different types of Gemini agents is unfeasible since various protocols for the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration are used. In this work, we proposed alternative, computational, approach for such comparison. We designed a comprehensive database of 250 Gemini surfactants. Description of structure parameters, for instance spacer type and length, are included in the database. We parametrised modelled molecules to obtain force fields for the entire Gemini database. This was used to conduct in silico studies using the molecular dynamics to investigate the incorporation of these agents into model E. coli inner membrane system. We evaluated the effect of Gemini surfactants on structural, stress and mechanical parameters of the membrane after the agent incorporation. This enabled us to select four most likely membrane properties that could correspond to Gemini’s antimicrobial effect. Based on our results we selected several types of Gemini spacers which could demonstrate a particularly strong effect on the bacterial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rzycki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.); (S.K.); (D.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Kaczorowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.); (S.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Sebastian Kraszewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.); (S.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Dominik Drabik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.); (S.K.); (D.D.)
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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Structural aspects, mechanisms and emerging prospects of Gemini surfactant-based alternative Enhanced Oil Recovery technology: A review. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhou R, Jin Y, Shen Y, Zhao P, Zhou Y. Synthesis and application of non-bioaccumulable fluorinated surfactants: a review. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-020-00048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to negative effects of conventional fluorinated surfactants with long perfluorocarbon chain (CxF2x+ 1, x≥7) like perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), these conventional long perfluorocarbon chain surfactants have been restricted in many industrial applications. Nowadays, their potential non-bioaccumulable alternatives have been developed to meet the requirements of environmental sustainable development. In this paper, the recent advances of potential non-bioaccumulable fluorinated surfactants with different fluorocarbon chain structures, including the short perfluorocarbon chain, the branched fluorocarbon chain, and the fluorocarbon chain with weak points, are reviewed from the aspects of synthesis processes, properties, and structure-activity relationships. And their applications in emulsion polymerization of fluorinated olefins, handling membrane proteins, and leather manufacture also are summarized. Furthermore, the challenges embedded in the current non-bioaccumulable fluorinated surfactants are also highlighted and discussed with the hope to provide a valuable reference for the prosperous development of fluorinated surfactants.
Graphical abstract
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Bhadani A, Kafle A, Koura S, Sakai K, Sakai H, Abe M. Physicochemical Evaluation of Micellar Solution and Lyotropic Phases Formed by Self-Assembled Aggregates of Morpholinium Geminis. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5324-5334. [PMID: 31457801 PMCID: PMC6644452 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The micellar solution and the lyotropic liquid crystalline phases formed by gemini surfactants containing morpholinium headgroups are investigated for their self-aggregation and physicochemical properties in water. These gemini surfactants demonstrated good surface activity because they are able to undergo micellization at lower concentration and form nanosized micellar aggregates in dilute aqueous solution. The binary mixture of the morpholinium gemini surfactant-water system is investigated over a wide range of concentrations. The micellar solution of the morpholinium gemini surfactants demonstrated Newtonian fluidlike behavior between 10 and 50 wt % as the observed viscosities were independent of the applied shear rate. At higher concentration, morpholinium geminis formed self-assembled lyotropic phases in water. These liquid crystalline phases were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering and polarized optical microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhadani
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ananda Kafle
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Setsuko Koura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Chiba Institute of
Technology, 2-17-1, Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-8588, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakai
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiko Abe
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology and Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Fisicaro E, Compari C, Bacciottini F, Contardi L, Pongiluppi E, Barbero N, Viscardi G, Quagliotto P, Donofrio G, Krafft MP. Nonviral gene-delivery by highly fluorinated gemini bispyridinium surfactant-based DNA nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 487:182-191. [PMID: 27769002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biological and thermodynamic properties of a new homologous series of highly fluorinated bispyridinium cationic gemini surfactants, differing in the length of the spacer bridging the pyridinium polar heads in 1,1' position, are reported for the first time. Interestingly, gene delivery ability is closely associated with the spacer length due to a structural change of the molecule in solution. This conformation change is allowed when the spacer reaches the right length, and it is suggested by the trends of the apparent and partial molar enthalpies vs molality. To assess the compounds' biological activity, they were tested with an agarose gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), MTT proliferation assay and Transient Transfection assays on a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Data from atomic force microscopy (AFM) allow for morphological characterization of DNA nanoparticles. Dilution enthalpies, measured at 298K, enabled the determination of apparent and partial molar enthalpies vs molality. All tested compounds (except that with the longest spacer), at different levels, can deliver the plasmid when co-formulated with 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). The compound with a spacer formed by eight carbon atoms gives rise to a gene delivery ability that is comparable to that of the commercial reagent. The compound with the longest spacer compacts DNA in loosely condensed structures by forming bows, which are not suitable for transfection. Regarding the compounds' hydrogenated counterparts, the tight relationship between the solution thermodynamics data and their biological performance is amazing, making "old" methods the foundation to deeply understanding "new" applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Fisicaro
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Compari
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Bacciottini
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Contardi
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Erika Pongiluppi
- University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nadia Barbero
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Viscardi
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Quagliotto
- University of Torino, Department of Chemistry, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces" NIS Centre, Via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- University of Parma, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marie Pierre Krafft
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Fisicaro E, Contardi L, Compari C, Bacciottini F, Pongiluppi E, Viscardi G, Barbero N, Quagliotto P, Różycka-Roszak B. Solution Thermodynamics of highly fluorinated gemini bispyridinium surfactants for biomedical applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Hao J, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Synthesis, Surface Activity and Aggregation Behavior of Novel Gemini Pyridinium Amphiphiles. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abla M, Unger S, Keller S, Bonneté F, Ebel C, Pucci B, Breyton C, Durand G. Micellar and biochemical properties of a propyl-ended fluorinated surfactant designed for membrane–protein study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 445:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Chauhan V, Singh S, Kaur T, Kaur G. Self-assembly and biophysical properties of gemini 3-alkyloxypyridinium amphiphiles with a hydroxyl-substituted spacer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2956-66. [PMID: 25720420 DOI: 10.1021/la5045267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
New gemini pyridinium amphiphiles having alkyl chain lengths of C10, C12, C14 , and C16 and appended with hydroxyl-substituted spacers have been synthesized, characterized, and investigated for their self-assembly as well as adsorption behavior by state-of-the-art techniques such as conductometry, tensiometry, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and spectrofluorometry. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have provided excellent acumen with respect to the micellar size distribution of investigated dicationics in aqueous media. Furthermore, the interaction of these dicationics with plasmid DNA, at different charge ratios (N/P), has been studied by DLS, agarose gel electrophoresis, and ethidium bromide exclusion measurements. The cytotoxicity of these geminis has been evaluated by using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on BV2 (microglial) and C6 glioma cell lines. It was found that the varying alkyl chain length, fashioned by ether linkage close to the headgroup, and the presence of a polar linker significantly altered the physicochemical properties of these new dicationics as compared to the properties of nonfunctionalized gemini surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Chauhan
- †Department of Chemistry - UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies - I and ‡Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Sukhprit Singh
- †Department of Chemistry - UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies - I and ‡Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Taranjeet Kaur
- †Department of Chemistry - UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies - I and ‡Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- †Department of Chemistry - UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies - I and ‡Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
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Barbero N, Magistris C, Quagliotto P, Bonandini L, Barolo C, Buscaino R, Compari C, Contardi L, Fisicaro E, Viscardi G. Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Interaction with DNA of Long-Alkyl-Chain Gemini Pyridinium Surfactants. Chempluschem 2015; 80:952-962. [PMID: 31973260 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pyridinium gemini surfactants with hexadecyl chains linked to nitrogen atoms and a tuned aliphatic spacer that bridges the two pyridinium polar heads in 2,2'-positions have been synthesized and characterized. A multitechnique approach allowed us to study the aggregation behavior, using conductivity, surface tension, and fluorescence. Graphs of the specific conductivity (κ) versus the surfactant molar concentration (C), and graphs of the molar conductivity (Λ) versus C0.5 suggest pre-aggregation phenomena of these amphiphiles at very low concentration. The trends of Amin as a function of the spacer length confirm the hypothesis of a conformational change of the molecule with four methylene groups as spacer owing to stacking interactions between the two pyridinium rings mediated by the counterion. Moreover, the trends of Amin and counterion binding (β) suggest that the spacer must be longer than eight carbon atoms to fold efficiently toward the micellar core. The opportunity to tune the surfactant structure and aggregation properties make those surfactants-particularly the long-chain ones for which the DNA complexing ability was shown by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging-desirable candidates for gene-delivery experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Barbero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces", NIS Centre-Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy)
| | - Claudio Magistris
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces", NIS Centre-Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy)
| | - Pierluigi Quagliotto
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces", NIS Centre-Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy)
| | - Luca Bonandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces", NIS Centre-Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy)
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces", NIS Centre-Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy)
| | - Roberto Buscaino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces", NIS Centre-Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy)
| | - Carlotta Compari
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma (Italy)
| | - Laura Contardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma (Italy)
| | - Emilia Fisicaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27A, 43124 Parma (Italy)
| | - Guido Viscardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Interdepartmental "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces", NIS Centre-Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy)
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Abstract
This review highlights the efforts towards the realization of an artificial photosynthetic system able to convert sunlight into electricity by using a unique solvent, water, the solvent of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bella
- GAME Lab
- CHENERGY Group
- Department of Applied Science and Technology – DISAT
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - Claudio Gerbaldi
- GAME Lab
- CHENERGY Group
- Department of Applied Science and Technology – DISAT
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre
- Università degli Studi di Torino
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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Self-aggregation properties of new ester-based gemini surfactants and their rheological behavior in the presence of cosurfactant — monolaurin. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Lukáč M, Garajová M, Mrva M, Devínsky F, Ondriska F, Kubincová J. Novel fluorinated dialkylphosphonatocholines: Synthesis, physicochemical properties and antiprotozoal activities against Acanthamoeba spp. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Is the counterion responsible for the unusual thermodynamic behaviour of the aqueous solutions of gemini bispyridinium surfactants? Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Physicochemical characterization of cationic gemini surfactants and their effect on reaction kinetics in ethylene glycol–water medium. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sharma VD, Ilies MA. Heterocyclic Cationic Gemini Surfactants: A Comparative Overview of Their Synthesis, Self-assembling, Physicochemical, and Biological Properties. Med Res Rev 2012; 34:1-44. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Dutt Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research; Temple University School of Pharmacy; 3307 N Broad Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Marc A. Ilies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research; Temple University School of Pharmacy; 3307 N Broad Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19140
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Kumar B, Tikariha D, Ghosh KK, Quagliotto P. Effect of short chain length alcohols on micellization behavior of cationic gemini and monomeric surfactants. J Mol Liq 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Huang QD, Ren J, Chen H, Ou WJ, Zhang J, Fu Y, Zhu W, Yu XQ. Cyclen-Based Cationic Lipids Containing Carbamate Linkages as Efficient Gene Delivery Vectors with Low Toxicity. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mahajan RK, Mahajan S, Bhadani A, Singh S. Physicochemical studies of pyridinium gemini surfactants with promethazine hydrochloride in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:887-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Tikariha D, Kumar B, Singh N, Ghosh KK, Quagliotto P. Micellization Behavior of Cationic Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous-Ethylene Glycol Solution. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-011-1280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bhadani A, Kataria H, Singh S. Synthesis, characterization and comparative evaluation of phenoxy ring containing long chain gemini imidazolium and pyridinium amphiphiles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 361:33-41. [PMID: 21676409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two series of phenoxy ring containing long chain imidazolium and pyridinium based gemini amphiphiles have been synthesized from renewable cardanol oil having different spacers (i. e. -S-(CH(2))(n)-S-, where n is 2, 3, 4 & 6). Critical micelle concentration (cmc) of these new gemini amphiphiles has been determined by conductivity method. Further, these new cationic amphiphiles have been evaluated for their DNA binding capability by agarose gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide exclusion experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of these new amphiphiles have been evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Comparative studies of these phenoxy ring containing long chain gemini imidazolium amphiphiles and their pyridinium analogues depicted low cmc values of the later but greater DNA interaction capability and low cytotoxicity of the former series of amphiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhadani
- Department of Chemistry-UGC Sponsored-Centre of Advance Studies-I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Tikariha D, Ghosh KK, Barbero N, Quagliotto P, Ghosh S. Micellization properties of mixed cationic gemini and cationic monomeric surfactants in aqueous-ethylene glycol mixture. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Synthesis and properties of cationic surfactants with tuned hydrophylicity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 340:269-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bhadani A, Singh S. Novel gemini pyridinium surfactants: synthesis and study of their surface activity, DNA binding, and cytotoxicity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11703-12. [PMID: 19788223 DOI: 10.1021/la901641f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
New pyridinium gemini amphiphiles having ethane-1,2-dithiol spacer have been synthesized by regioselective electrophilic cobromination of alpha-olefins. Ethane-1,2-dithiol (1) and N-bromosuccinimide (6) on reaction with alpha-olefins (dodecene (2), tetradecene (3), hexadecene (4), and octadecene (5)) gave the respective 1,2-bis(2-bromoalkylthio)ethane (7-10). The bromoalkylthio ethers when reacted with pyridine (11) gave the respective gemini bispyridinium bromide (12-15). The surface properties of new geminis were evaluated by surface tension and conductivity measurements. These gemini surfactants have also been found to be having low cytotoxicity by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on C6 glioma cells. The DNA binding capabilities of these amphiphiles have been determined below as well as above critical micelle concentration. The preliminary studies by agarose gel electrophoresis indicated chain length dependent DNA binding abilities which has further been proved by ethidium bromide exclusion experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhadani
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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