1
|
Rajendra Prasad S, Penjarla S, Reddy PY, Rao BPC, Gundla R, Sanghvi YS, Banerjee S. A practical and scalable synthesis of several base modified 3'-O-methyl ribonucleosides. Carbohydr Res 2023; 534:108981. [PMID: 37992558 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
An easy and efficient large-scale synthesis of 1, 2,-di-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-3-O-methyl-d-ribofuranose (8) was accomplished from commercial 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-allofuranose in 7-steps and 30 % overall yield. The utility of protected 8 was demonstrated via synthesis of 9-(3'-O-methyl-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-6-chloropurine (21) and six other nucleoside analogues in good yields. A library of five novel base modified nucleosides were generated starting from purine nucleoside 21 via functional group manipulations. The 3'-O-modified nucleosides are known to act as chain terminator exerting antiviral activity. The synthesis strategy described herein offers direct access to 3'-O-alkylated nucleosides with wide range of applications, including cap analogues for mRNA vaccine production. This protocol provides a route to exclusive synthesis of 3'-O-alkylated nucleosides, devoid of isomeric 2'-O-alkylated products essential for both therapeutic and biological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samudrala Rajendra Prasad
- Sapala Organics Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 146B & 147, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500 076, A.P., India; Department of Chemistry, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502329, India
| | - Srishylam Penjarla
- Sapala Organics Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 146B & 147, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500 076, A.P., India
| | - Paidi Yella Reddy
- Sapala Organics Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 146B & 147, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500 076, A.P., India
| | - B Purna Chandra Rao
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502329, India
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502329, India
| | - Yogesh S Sanghvi
- Sapala Organics Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 146B & 147, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500 076, A.P., India; Rasayan Inc. 2802 Crystal Ridge Road, Encinitas, CA, 92024-6615, United States
| | - Shyamapada Banerjee
- Sapala Organics Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 146B & 147, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500 076, A.P., India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jayanetti DR, Braun DR, Barns KJ, Rajski SR, Bugni TS. Bulbiferates A and B: Antibacterial Acetamidohydroxybenzoates from a Marine Proteobacterium, Microbulbifer sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1930-1934. [PMID: 31181927 PMCID: PMC6660402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the discovery of two new 3-acetamido-4-hydroxybenzoate esters, bulbiferates A (1) and B (2), isolated from Microbulbifer sp. cultivated from the marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by analysis of 2D NMR and MS data. Additionally, three synthetic analogues (3-5), differing in ester sizes/lengths, were prepared for the purposes of evaluating potential structure-activity relationships; no clear correlations tying ester lengths to activity were evident. Bulbiferates A (1) and B (2) demonstrated antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), whereas the synthetic analogues 3 and 4 displayed activity only against MSSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinith R. Jayanetti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Doug R. Braun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Barns
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Scott Raymond Rajski
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Tim S. Bugni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar R, Kumar V, Mathur D, Kumar R, Kumar A, Prasad AK. Biocatalyst CAL-B catalyzed synthesis of modified nucleosides: An overview. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1554745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Divya Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Arbind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, L.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
New nucleoside hydrolase with transribosylation activity from Agromyces sp. MM-1 and its application for enzymatic synthesis of 2'-O-methylribonucleosides. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 125:38-45. [PMID: 28826816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms were screened for transribosylation activity between 2'-O-methyluridine (2'-OMe-UR) and nucleobases, for the purpose of developing a biotransformation process to synthesize 2'-O-methylribonucleosides (2'-OMe-NRs), which are raw materials for nucleic acid drugs. An actinomycete, Agromyces sp. MM-1 was found to produce 2'-O-methyladenosine (2'-OMe-AR) when whole cells were used in a reaction mixture containing 2'-OMe-UR and adenine. The enzyme responsible for the transribosylation was partially purified from Agromyces sp. MM-1 cells through a six-step separation procedure, and identified as a nucleoside hydrolase family enzyme termed AgNH. AgNH was a bi-functional enzyme catalyzing both hydrolysis towards 2'-OMe-NRs and transribosylation between 2'-OMe-UR and various nucleobases as well as adenine. In the hydrolysis reaction, AgNH preferred guanosine analogues as its substrates. In the transribosylation reaction, AgNH showed strong activity towards 6-chloroguanine, with 25-fold relative activity when adenine was used as the acceptor substrate. The transribosylation reaction product from 2'-OMe-UR and 6-chloroguanine was determined to 2'-O-methyl-6-chloroguanosine (2'-OMe-6ClGR). Under the optimal conditions, the maximum molar yield of 2'-OMe-6ClGR reached 2.3% in a 293-h reaction, corresponding to 440 mg/L.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mitsukawa Y, Hibi M, Matsutani N, Horinouchi N, Takahashi S, Ogawa J. Enzymatic synthesis of 2'-O-methylribonucleosides with a nucleoside hydrolase family enzyme from Lactobacillus buchneri LBK78. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:659-664. [PMID: 28202305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
2'-O-Methylribonucleosides (2'-OMe-NRs) are promising raw materials for the production of nucleic acid drugs. We previously reported that LbNH, a nucleoside hydrolase from Lactobacillus buchneri LBK78 (NITE P-01581), was the first enzyme found to act on 2'-OMe-NRs. In the present study, we determined that LbNH also has the transribosylation activity between 2'-OMe-NRs and nucleobases, in addition to the hydrolyzing activity towards 2'-OMe-NRs. When 2'-O-methyluridine (2'-OMe-UR) and adenine were reacted with LbNH, 2'-O-methyladenosine (2'-OMe-AR) was produced. LbNH preferred purine nucleobases as its acceptor substrates for the transribosylation with 2'-OMe-UR as a donor substrate. Kinetic analysis of LbNH revealed that adenine behaved as a mixed inhibitor of the hydrolysis of 2'-OMe-UR. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the maximum molar yield of enzymatic 2'-OMe-AR produced reached 0.97% towards 2'-OMe-UR, corresponding to 0.16 g/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Mitsukawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Makoto Hibi
- Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Narihiro Matsutani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horinouchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satomi Takahashi
- Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mitsukawa Y, Hibi M, Matsutani N, Horinouchi N, Takahashi S, Ogawa J. A novel nucleoside hydrolase from Lactobacillus buchneri LBK78 catalyzing hydrolysis of 2'-O-methylribonucleosides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1568-76. [PMID: 27180876 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1182853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
2'-O-Methylribonucleosides (2'-OMe-NRs) are promising raw materials for nucleic acid drugs because of their high thermal stability and nuclease tolerance. In the course of microbial screening for metabolic activity toward 2'-OMe-NRs, Lactobacillus buchneri LBK78 was found to decompose 2'-O-methyluridine (2'-OMe-UR). The enzyme responsible was partially purified from L. buchneri LBK78 cells by a four-step purification procedure, and identified as a novel nucleoside hydrolase. This enzyme, LbNH, belongs to the nucleoside hydrolase superfamily, and formed a homotetrameric structure composed of subunits with a molecular mass around 34 kDa. LbNH hydrolyzed 2'-OMe-UR to 2'-O-methylribose and uracil, and the kinetic constants were Km of 0.040 mM, kcat of 0.49 s(-1), and kcat/Km of 12 mM(-1) s(-1). In a substrate specificity analysis, LbNH preferred ribonucleosides and 2'-OMe-NRs as its hydrolytic substrates, but reacted weakly with 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. In a phylogenetic analysis, LbNH showed a close relationship with purine-specific nucleoside hydrolases from trypanosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Mitsukawa
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Makoto Hibi
- b Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Narihiro Matsutani
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horinouchi
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Satomi Takahashi
- b Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carnero A, Sanghvi YS, Gotor V, Fernández S, Ferrero M. Process Development of Biocatalytic Regioselective 5′-O-Levulinylation of 2′-Deoxynucleosides. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carnero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto
Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802 Crystal
Ridge Road, Encinitas, California 92024-6615, United States
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto
Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Susana Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto
Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Ferrero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto
Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li H, Xiao J, Gao YQ, Tang JJ, Zhang AL, Gao JM. Chaetoglobosins from Chaetomium globosum, an endophytic fungus in Ginkgo biloba, and their phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3734-41. [PMID: 24708412 DOI: 10.1021/jf500390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In preceding studies, cultivation of Chaetomium globosum, an endophytic fungus in Ginkgo biloba, produced five cytochalasan mycotoxins, chaetoglobosins A, G, V, Vb, and C (1-5), in three media. In the present work, five known chaetoglobosins, C, E, F, Fex, and 20-dihydrochaetoglobosin A (5-9), together with the four known compounds (11-14), were isolated from the MeOH extracts of the solid culture of the same endophyte. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Treatment of chaetoglobosin F (7) with (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (DAST) in dichloromethane afforded an unexpected fluorinated chaetoglobosin, named chaetoglobosin Fa (10), containing an oxolane ring between C-20 and C-23. The phytotoxic effects of compounds 1, 3-8, and 10 were assayed on radish seedlings; some of these compounds (1, 3, and 6-8) significantly inhibited the growth of radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings with inhibitory rates of >60% at a concentration of 50 ppm, which was comparable or superior to the positive control, glyphosate. In addition, the cytotoxic activities against HCT116 human colon cancer cells were also tested, and compounds 1 and 8-10 showed remarkable cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 3.15 to 8.44 μM, in comparison to the positive drug etoposide (IC50 = 2.13 μM). The epoxide ring between C-6 and C-7 or the double bond at C-6(12) led to a drastically increased cytotoxicity, and chaetoglobosin Fa (10) displayed a markedly increased cytotoxicity but decreased phytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Center of Bioresource Chemistry and Sustainable Utilization, College of Science, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martínez-Montero S, Fernández S, Sanghvi YS, Theodorakis EA, Detorio MA, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Schinazi RF, Gotor V, Ferrero M. Synthesis, evaluation of anti-HIV-1 and anti-HCV activity of novel 2',3'-dideoxy-2',2'-difluoro-4'-azanucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6885-93. [PMID: 23085031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',2'-difluoro-4'-azanucleosides of both pyrimidine and purine nucleobases were synthesized in an efficient manner starting from commercially available L-pyroglutamic acid via glycosylation of difluorinated pyrrolidine derivative 15. Several 4'-azanucleosides were prepared as a separable mixture of α- and β-anomers. The 6-chloropurine analogue was obtained as a mixture of N(7) and N(9) regioisomers and their structures were identified based on NOESY and HMBC spectral data. Among the 4'-azanucleosides tested as HIV-1 inhibitors in primary human lymphocytes, four compounds showed modest activity and the 5-fluorouracil analogue (18d) was found to be the most active compound (EC(50)=36.9μM) in this series. None of the compounds synthesized in this study demonstrated anti-HCV activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Martínez-Montero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martínez-Montero S, Fernández S, Sanghvi YS, Gotor V, Ferrero M. CAL-B-Catalyzed Acylation of Nucleosides and Role of the Sugar Conformation: An Improved Understanding of the Enzyme-Substrate Recognition. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
11
|
Martı́nez-Montero S, Fernández S, Sanghvi YS, Chattopadhyaya J, Ganesan M, Ramesh NG, Gotor V, Ferrero M. Design and Divergent Synthesis of Aza Nucleosides from a Chiral Imino Sugar. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4671-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3004452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Martı́nez-Montero
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica
and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologı́a de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo
(Asturias), Spain
- Program of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute
of Cell and
Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susana Fernández
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica
and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologı́a de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo
(Asturias), Spain
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802 Crystal Ridge Road, Encinitas, California
92024-6615, United
States
| | - Jyoti Chattopadhyaya
- Program of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute
of Cell and
Molecular Biology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muthupandian Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Namakkal G. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica
and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologı́a de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo
(Asturias), Spain
| | - Miguel Ferrero
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica
and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologı́a de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo
(Asturias), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rodríguez-Pérez T, Fernández S, Sanghvi YS, Detorio M, Schinazi RF, Gotor V, Ferrero M. Chemoenzymatic syntheses and anti-HIV-1 activity of glucose-nucleoside conjugates as prodrugs. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2239-49. [PMID: 21077659 DOI: 10.1021/bc1002168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiester linked conjugates of various nucleosides such as d4U, d4T, IdUrd, ddI, ddA, virazole, ara-A, and ara-C containing a glucosyl moiety have been described. These compounds were designed to act as prodrugs, where the corresponding 5'-monophosphates may be generated intracellularly. The synthesis of the glycoconjugates was achieved in good yields by condensation of a glucosyl phosphoramidite 7 with nucleosides in the presence of an activating agent. It was demonstrated that the glucose conjugates improve the water solubility of the nucleoside analogues, for example, up to 31-fold for the ara-A conjugate compared to that of ara-A alone. The new conjugates were tested for their anti-HIV-1 activity in human lymphocytes. These derivatives offer a convenient design for potential prodrug candidates with the possibility of improving the physicochemical properties and therapeutic activity of nucleoside analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li N, Smith TJ, Zong MH. Biocatalytic transformation of nucleoside derivatives. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:348-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|