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Revealing 2-Dimethylhydrazino-2-alkyl alkynyl sphingosine derivatives as Sphingosine Kinase 2 inhibitors: some hints on the structural basis for selective inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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2
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D’Angelo KA, Taylor MS. Borinic acid-catalyzed stereo- and site-selective synthesis of β-glycosylceramides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5978-5980. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylborinic acid catalysis enables the direct, stereo- and site-selective coupling of glycosyl donors with ceramide lipids. The β-1,1′-linkages accessed through this method are characteristic of mammalian glycosphingolipids that play diverse roles in physiology, human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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3
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Abstract
The development of glycobiology relies on the sources of particular oligosaccharides in their purest forms. As the isolation of the oligosaccharide structures from natural sources is not a reliable option for providing samples with homogeneity, chemical means become pertinent. The growing demand for diverse oligosaccharide structures has prompted the advancement of chemical strategies to stitch sugar molecules with precise stereo- and regioselectivity through the formation of glycosidic bonds. This Review will focus on the key developments towards chemical O-glycosylations in the current century. Synthesis of novel glycosyl donors and acceptors and their unique activation for successful glycosylation are discussed. This Review concludes with a summary of recent developments and comments on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Das
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) KolkataMohanpurNadia741246India
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) KolkataMohanpurNadia741246India
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4
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Gervay-Hague J. Taming the Reactivity of Glycosyl Iodides To Achieve Stereoselective Glycosidation. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:35-47. [PMID: 26524481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although glycosyl iodides have been known for more than 100 years, it was not until the 21st century that their full potential began to be harnessed for complex glycoconjugate synthesis. Mechanistic studies in the late 1990s probed glycosyl iodide formation by NMR spectroscopy and revealed important reactivity features embedded in protecting-group stereoelectronics. Differentially protected sugars having an anomeric acetate were reacted with trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI) to generate the glycosyl iodides. In the absence of C-2 participation, generation of the glycosyl iodide proceeded by inversion of the starting anomeric acetate stereochemistry. Once formed, the glycosyl iodide readily underwent in situ anomerization, and in the presence of excess iodide, equilibrium concentrations of α- and β-iodides were established. Reactivity profiles depended upon the identity of the sugar and the protecting groups adorning it. Consistent with the modern idea of disarmed versus armed sugars, ester protecting groups diminished the reactivity of glycosyl iodides and ether protecting groups enhanced the reactivity. Thus, acetylated sugars were slower to form the iodide and anomerize than their benzylated analogues, and these disarmed glycosyl iodides could be isolated and purified, whereas armed ether-protected iodides could only be generated and reacted in situ. All other things being equal, the β-iodide was orders of magnitude more reactive than the thermodynamically more stable α-iodide, consistent with the idea of in situ anomerization introduced by Lemieux in the mid-20th century. Glycosyl iodides are far more reactive than the corresponding bromides, and with the increased reactivity comes increased stereocontrol, particularly when forming α-linked linear and branched oligosaccharides. Reactions with per-O-silylated glycosyl iodides are especially useful for the synthesis of α-linked glycoconjugates. Silyl ether protecting groups make the glycosyl iodide so reactive that even highly functionalized aglycon acceptors add. Following the coupling event, the TMS ethers are readily removed by methanolysis, and since all of the byproducts are volatile, multiple reactions can be performed in a single reaction vessel without isolation of intermediates. In this fashion, per-O-TMS monosaccharides can be converted to biologically relevant α-linked glycolipids in one pot. The stereochemical outcome of these reactions can also be switched to β-glycoside formation by addition of silver to chelate the iodide, thus favoring SN2 displacement of the α-iodide. While iodides derived from benzyl and silyl ether-protected oligosaccharides are susceptible to interglycosidic bond cleavage when treated with TMSI, the introduction of a single acetate protecting group prevents this unwanted side reaction. Partial acetylation of armed glycosyl iodides also attenuates HI elimination side reactions. Conversely, fully acetylated glycosyl iodides are deactivated and require metal catalysis in order for glycosidation to occur. Recent findings indicate that I2 activation of per-O-acetylated mono-, di-, and trisaccharides promotes glycosidation of cyclic ethers to give β-linked iodoalkyl glycoconjugates in one step. Products of these reactions have been converted into multivalent carbohydrate displays. With these synthetic pathways elucidated, chemical reactivity can be exquisitely controlled by the judicious selection of protecting groups to achieve high stereocontrol in step-economical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One
Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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5
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Yao CH, Lee JC. N-Iodosuccinimide and acid-washed molecular sieves (NIS/AW-300 MS) as promoters in thioglycoside activation. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Hsieh HW, Davis RA, Hoch JA, Gervay-Hague J. Two-step functionalization of oligosaccharides using glycosyl iodide and trimethylene oxide and its applications to multivalent glycoconjugates. Chemistry 2014; 20:6444-54. [PMID: 24715520 PMCID: PMC4497529 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharide conjugates, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids, are potential chemotherapeutics and also serve as useful tools for understanding the biological roles of carbohydrates. With many modern isolation and synthetic technologies providing access to a wide variety of free sugars, there is increasing need for general methodologies for carbohydrate functionalization. Herein, we report a two-step methodology for the conjugation of per-O-acetylated oligosaccharides to functionalized linkers that can be used for various displays. Oligosaccharides obtained from both synthetic and commercial sources were converted to glycosyl iodides and activated with I2 to form reactive donors that were subsequently trapped with trimethylene oxide to form iodopropyl conjugates in a single step. The terminal iodide served as a chemical handle for further modification. Conversion into the corresponding azide followed by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition afforded multivalent glycoconjugates of Gb3 for further investigation as anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 (USA), Fax: (+ 1)530-754-6915
| | - Ryan A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 (USA), Fax: (+ 1)530-754-6915
| | - Jessica A. Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 (USA), Fax: (+ 1)530-754-6915
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 (USA), Fax: (+ 1)530-754-6915
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7
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Hsieh HW, Schombs MW, Gervay-Hague J. Integrating ReSET with glycosyl iodide glycosylation in step-economy syntheses of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens and immunogenic glycolipids. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1736-48. [PMID: 24490844 PMCID: PMC3985971 DOI: 10.1021/jo402736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates mediate a wide range of biological processes, and understanding these events and how they might be influenced is a complex undertaking that requires access to pure glycoconjugates. The isolation of sufficient quantities of carbohydrates and glycolipids from biological samples remains a significant challenge that has redirected efforts toward chemical synthesis. However, progress toward complex glycoconjugate total synthesis has been slowed by the need for multiple protection and deprotection steps owing to the large number of similarly reactive hydroxyls in carbohydrates. Two methodologies, regioselective silyl exchange technology (ReSET) and glycosyl iodide glycosylation have now been integrated to streamline the synthesis of the globo series trisaccharides (globotriaose and isoglobotriaose) and α-lactosylceramide (α-LacCer). These glycoconjugates include tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) and immunostimulatory glycolipids that hold promise as immunotherapeutics. Beyond the utility of the step-economy syntheses afforded by this synthetic platform, the studies also reveal a unique electronic interplay between acetate and silyl ether protecting groups. Incorporation of acetates proximal to silyl ethers attenuates their reactivity while reducing undesirable side reactions. This phenomenon can be used to fine-tune the reactivity of silylated/acetylated sugar building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Matthew W. Schombs
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Di Benedetto R, Zanetti L, Varese M, Rajabi M, Di Brisco R, Panza L. Protected sphingosine from phytosphingosine as an efficient acceptor in glycosylation reaction. Org Lett 2014; 16:952-5. [PMID: 24428384 DOI: 10.1021/ol403688t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A convenient, simple, and high-yielding five-step synthesis of a sphingosine acceptor from phytosphingosine is reported, and its behavior in glycosylation reactions is described. Different synthetic paths to sphingosine acceptors using tetrachlorophthalimide as a protecting group for the sphingosine amino function and different glycosylation methods have been explored. Among the acceptors tested, the easiest accessible acceptor, unprotected on the two hydroxyl groups in positions 1 and 3, was regioselectively glycosylated on the primary position, the regioselectivity depending on the donor used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Di Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro , L.go Donegani, 2-28100 Novara, Italy
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9
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Cheng JMH, Dangerfield EM, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. A divergent approach to the synthesis of iGb3 sugar and lipid analogues via a lactosyl 2-azido-sphingosine intermediate. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2729-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3, 1) is an immunomodulatory glycolipid that binds to CD1d and is presented to the T-cell receptor (TCR) of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M. H. Cheng
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington, New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research
- Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Emma M. Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington, New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research
- Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington, New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research
- Wellington, New Zealand
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Li L, Xu Y, Milligan I, Fu L, Franckowiak EA, Du W. Synthesis of Highly pH-Responsive Glucose Poly(orthoester). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Li L, Xu Y, Milligan I, Fu L, Franckowiak EA, Du W. Synthesis of Highly pH-Responsive Glucose Poly(orthoester). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13699-702. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Uriel C, Ventura J, Gómez AM, López JC, Fraser-Reid B. Unexpected stereocontrolled access to 1α,1'β-disaccharides from methyl 1,2-ortho esters. J Org Chem 2011; 77:795-800. [PMID: 22141592 DOI: 10.1021/jo202335n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mannopyranose-derived methyl 1,2-orthoacetates (R = Me) and 1,2-orthobenzoates (R = Ph) undergo stereoselective formation of 1α,1'β-disaccharides, upon treatment with BF(3)·Et(2)O in CH(2)Cl(2), rather than the expected acid-catalyzed reaction leading to methyl glycosides by way of a rearrangement-glycosylation process of the liberated methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Uriel
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Morales-Serna JA, Boutureira O, Serra A, Matheu MI, Díaz Y, Castillón S. Synthesis of Hyperbranched β-Galceramide-Containing Dendritic Polymers that Bind HIV-1 rgp120. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Morales-Serna JA, DÃaz Y, Matheu MI, Castillón S. Efficient Synthesis of β-Glycosphingolipids by Reaction of Stannylceramides with Glycosyl Iodides Promoted by TBAI/AW 300 Molecular Sieves. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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