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Meares A, Susumu K, Mathur D, Lee SH, Mass OA, Lee J, Pensack RD, Yurke B, Knowlton WB, Melinger JS, Medintz IL. Synthesis of Substituted Cy5 Phosphoramidite Derivatives and Their Incorporation into Oligonucleotides Using Automated DNA Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11002-11016. [PMID: 35415341 PMCID: PMC8991898 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyanine dyes represent a family of organic fluorophores with widespread utility in biological-based applications ranging from real-time PCR probes to protein labeling. One burgeoning use currently being explored with indodicarbocyanine (Cy5) in particular is that of accessing exciton delocalization in designer DNA dye aggregate structures for potential development of light-harvesting devices and room-temperature quantum computers. Tuning the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of Cy5 dyes in such DNA structures should influence the strength of their excitonic coupling; however, the requisite commercial Cy5 derivatives available for direct incorporation into DNA are nonexistent. Here, we prepare a series of Cy5 derivatives that possess different 5,5'-substituents and detail their incorporation into a set of DNA sequences. In addition to varying dye hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, the 5,5'-substituents, including hexyloxy, triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether, tert-butyl, and chloro groups were chosen so as to vary the inherent electron-donating/withdrawing character while also tuning their resulting absorption and emission properties. Following the synthesis of parent dyes, one of their pendant alkyl chains was functionalized with a monomethoxytrityl protective group with the remaining hydroxyl-terminated N-propyl linker permitting rapid, same-day phosphoramidite conversion and direct internal DNA incorporation into nascent oligonucleotides with moderate to good yields using a 1 μmole scale automated DNA synthesis. Labeled sequences were cleaved from the controlled pore glass matrix, purified by HPLC, and their photophysical properties were characterized. The DNA-labeled Cy5 derivatives displayed spectroscopic properties that paralleled the parent dyes, with either no change or an increase in fluorescence quantum yield depending upon sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Center
for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., Virginia 20375, United States
- College
of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical
Sciences Division Code 5600, U. S. Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington,
D.C., Virginia 20375, United States
- Jacobs
Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United
States
| | - Divita Mathur
- Center
for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., Virginia 20375, United States
- College
of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Optical
Sciences Division Code 5600, U. S. Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington,
D.C., Virginia 20375, United States
- Jacobs
Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United
States
| | - Olga A. Mass
- Micron School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Jeunghoon Lee
- Micron School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Boise State
University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United
States
| | - Ryan D. Pensack
- Micron School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Bernard Yurke
- Micron School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - William B. Knowlton
- Micron School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Joseph S. Melinger
- Electronics
Science and Technology Division Code 6800, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center
for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., Virginia 20375, United States
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Gray MD, Deore PS, Chung AJ, Van Riesen AJ, Manderville RA, Prabhakar PS, Wetmore SD. Lighting Up the Thrombin-Binding Aptamer G-Quadruplex with an Internal Cyanine-Indole-Quinolinium Nucleobase Surrogate. Direct Fluorescent Intensity Readout for Thrombin Binding without Topology Switching. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2596-2606. [PMID: 33156614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent nucleobases represent an important class of molecular reporters of nucleic acid interactions. In this work, the advantages of utilizing a noncanonical fluorescent nucleobase surrogate for monitoring thrombin binding by the 15-mer thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) is presented. TBA folds into an antiparallel G-quadruplex (GQ) with loop thymidine (T) residues interacting directly with the protein in the thrombin-TBA complex. In the free GQ, T3 is solvent-exposed and does not form canonical base-pairs within the antiparallel GQ motif. Upon thrombin binding, T3 interacts directly with a hydrophobic protein binding pocket. Replacing T3 with a cyanine-indole-quinolinium (4QI) hemicyanine dye tethered to an acyclic 1,2-propanediol linker is shown to have minimal impact on GQ stability and structure with the internal 4QI displaying a 40-fold increase in emission intensity at 586 nm (excitation 508 nm) compared to the free dye in solution. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate that the 4QI label π-stacks with T4 and T13 within the antiparallel GQ fold, which is supported by strong energy transfer (ET) fluorescence from the GQ (donor) to the 4QI label (acceptor). Thrombin binding to 4QI-TBA diminishes π-stacking interactions between 4QI and the GQ structure to cause a turn-off emission intensity response with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 650 nM and a limit of detection (LoD) of 150 nM. These features highlight the utility of internal noncanonical fluorescent surrogates for monitoring protein binding by GQ-folding aptamers in the absence of DNA topology switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela D Gray
- Department of Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Prashant S Deore
- Department of Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Andrew J Chung
- Department of Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Abigail J Van Riesen
- Department of Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Richard A Manderville
- Department of Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Preethi Seelam Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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Steinmeyer J, Rönicke F, Schepers U, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis of Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent DNA and RNA with Two Photostable Cyanine-Styryl Dyes as the Base Surrogate Pair. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:514-518. [PMID: 28794946 PMCID: PMC5542753 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two nucleic acid building blocks were synthesized, consisting of two photostable green‐ and red‐emitting cyanine–styryl dyes and (S)‐3‐amino‐1,2‐propanediol as a substitute for the ribofuranoside, and incorporated as base‐pair surrogates by using automated phosphoramidte chemistry in the solid phase. The optical properties and, in particular, the energy‐transfer properties were screened in a range of DNA duplexes, in which the “counter bases” of the two dyes were varied and the distance between the two dyes was enlarged to up to three intervening adenosine–thymidine pairs. The DNA duplex with the best optical properties and the best red/green emission ratio as the readout bore adenosine and thymidine opposite to the dyes, and the two dyes directly adjacent to each other as the base surrogate pair. This structural arrangement can be transferred to RNA to obtain similarly fluorescent RNA probes. Representatively, the positively evaluated DNA duplex was applied to verify the fluorescence readout in living HeLa cells by using fluorescence confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Steinmeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Franziska Rönicke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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4
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Berndl S, Dimitrov SD, Menacher F, Fiebig T, Wagenknecht HA. Thiazole Orange Dimers in DNA: Fluorescent Base Substitutions with Hybridization Readout. Chemistry 2016; 22:2386-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Berndl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Stoichko D. Dimitrov
- Centre for Plastic Electronics; Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Florian Menacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Torsten Fiebig
- Feinberg School of Medicine; Department of Otolaryngology; Northwestern University; 420 East Superior Street Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
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Hövelmann F, Gaspar I, Chamiolo J, Kasper M, Steffen J, Ephrussi A, Seitz O. LNA-enhanced DNA FIT-probes for multicolour RNA imaging. Chem Sci 2016; 7:128-135. [PMID: 29861973 PMCID: PMC5950760 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous imaging of different RNA molecules in homogeneous solution is a challenge and requires optimisation to enable unambiguous staining of intracellular RNA targets. Our approach relies on single dye forced intercalation (FIT) probes, in which a visco-sensitive reporter of the thiazole orange (TO) family serves as a surrogate nucleobase and provides enhancements of fluorescence upon hybridisation. Previous FIT probes spanned the cyan and green emission range. Herein, we report for the first time chromophores for FIT probes that emit in the red range (above 600 nm). Such probes are valuable to overcome cellular auto-fluorescent background and enable multiplexed detection. In order to find suitable chromophores, we developed a submonomer approach that facilitated the rapid analysis of different TO family dyes in varied sequence positions. A carboxymethylated 4,4'-methine linked cyanine, which we named quinoline blue (QB), provided exceptional response characteristics at the 605 nm emission maximum. Exceeding previously reported base surrogates, the emission of the QB nucleotide intensified by up to 195-fold upon binding of complementary RNA. Owing to large extinction coefficients and quantum yields (up to ε = 129.000 L mol-1 cm-1 and Φ = 0.47, respectively) QB-FIT probes enable imaging of intracellular mRNA. A mixture of BO-, TO- and QB-containing FIT probes allowed the simultaneous detection of three different RNA targets in homogenous solution. TO- and QB-FIT probes were used to localize oskar mRNA and other polyadenylated mRNA molecules in developing oocytes from Drosphila melanogaster by means of wash-free fluorescent in situ hybridisation and super resolution microscopy (STED).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hövelmann
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt University Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany .
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg , Meyerhofstr. 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - I Gaspar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg , Meyerhofstr. 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - J Chamiolo
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt University Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany .
| | - M Kasper
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt University Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany .
| | - J Steffen
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt University Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany .
| | - A Ephrussi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg , Meyerhofstr. 1 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - O Seitz
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt University Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany .
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7
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Barrois S, Wörner S, Wagenknecht HA. The role of duplex stability for wavelength-shifting fluorescent DNA probes: energy transfer vs. exciton interactions in DNA "traffic lights". Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1126-9. [PMID: 25000916 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00153b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exciton interactions between thiazole orange and thiazole red as nucleotide substitutes in DNA hairpins interfere with efficient energy transfer and fluorescence color change as readout. This interference can be tuned by two structural parameters that control the hairpin duplex stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Barrois
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Walter HK, Bohländer PR, Wagenknecht HA. Development of a wavelength-shifting fluorescent module for the adenosine aptamer using photostable cyanine dyes. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:92-6. [PMID: 25969803 PMCID: PMC4420577 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-based aptamers are commonly used recognition elements in biosensors for a range of target molecules. Here, the development of a wavelength-shifting optical module for a DNA-based adenosine-binding aptamer is described. It applies the combination of two photostable cyanine-styryl dyes as covalent modifications. This energy-transfer pair is postsynthetically attached to oligonucleotides via a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition by two structurally different approaches: 1) as nucleotide modifications at the 2'-position of uridines and 2) as nucleotide substitutions using (S)-amino-1,2-propanediol as acyclic linker between the phosphodiester bridges. Both dyes exhibit a remarkable photostability. A library of DNA aptamers consisting of different combinations of the two dyes in diagonal orientations were evaluated by their emission color contrast as readout. Further optimization led to aptasensors with improved fluorescent readout as compared with previously reported aptasensors. This approach described is synthetically facile using simple propargylated phosphoramidites as DNA building blocks. As such, this approach could be applied for other dyes and other chemical/biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi-Kristin Walter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KITFritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peggy R Bohländer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KITFritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KITFritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Jack T, Simonin J, Ruepp MD, Thompson AJ, Gertsch J, Lochner M. Characterizing new fluorescent tools for studying 5-HT₃ receptor pharmacology. Neuropharmacology 2014; 90:63-73. [PMID: 25460187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological characterization of ligands depends upon the ability to accurately measure their binding properties. Fluorescence provides an alternative to more traditional approaches such as radioligand binding. Here we describe the binding and spectroscopic properties of eight fluorescent 5-HT3 receptor ligands. These were tested on purified receptors, expressed receptors on live cells, or in vivo. All compounds had nanomolar affinities with fluorescent properties extending from blue to near infra-red emission. A fluorescein-derivative had the highest affinity as measured by fluorescence polarization (FP; 1.14 nM), flow cytometry (FC; 3.23 nM) and radioligand binding (RB; 1.90 nM). Competition binding with unlabeled 5-HT3 receptor agonists (5-HT, mCPBG, quipazine) and antagonists (granisetron, palonosetron, tropisetron) yielded similar affinities in all three assays. When cysteine substitutions were introduced into the 5-HT3 receptor binding site the same changes in binding affinity were seen for both granisetron and the fluorescein-derivative, suggesting that they both adopt orientations that are consistent with co-crystal structures of granisetron with a homologous protein (5HTBP). As expected, in vivo live imaging in anaesthetized mice revealed staining in the abdominal cavity in intestines, but also in salivary glands. The unexpected presence of 5-HT3 receptors in mouse salivary glands was confirmed by Western blots. Overall, these results demonstrate the wide utility of our new high-affinity fluorescently-labeled 5-HT3 receptor probes, ranging from in vitro receptor pharmacology, including FC and FP ligand competition, to live imaging of 5-HT3 expressing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jonathan Simonin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Lochner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Bohländer PR, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis of a Photostable Energy-Transfer Pair for “DNA Traffic Lights”. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Boutorine AS, Novopashina DS, Krasheninina OA, Nozeret K, Venyaminova AG. Fluorescent probes for nucleic Acid visualization in fixed and live cells. Molecules 2013; 18:15357-97. [PMID: 24335616 PMCID: PMC6270009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyses the literature concerning non-fluorescent and fluorescent probes for nucleic acid imaging in fixed and living cells from the point of view of their suitability for imaging intracellular native RNA and DNA. Attention is mainly paid to fluorescent probes for fluorescence microscopy imaging. Requirements for the target-binding part and the fluorophore making up the probe are formulated. In the case of native double-stranded DNA, structure-specific and sequence-specific probes are discussed. Among the latest, three classes of dsDNA-targeting molecules are described: (i) sequence-specific peptides and proteins; (ii) triplex-forming oligonucleotides and (iii) polyamide oligo(N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole) minor groove binders. Polyamides seem to be the most promising targeting agents for fluorescent probe design, however, some technical problems remain to be solved, such as the relatively low sequence specificity and the high background fluorescence inside the cells. Several examples of fluorescent probe applications for DNA imaging in fixed and living cells are cited. In the case of intracellular RNA, only modified oligonucleotides can provide such sequence-specific imaging. Several approaches for designing fluorescent probes are considered: linear fluorescent probes based on modified oligonucleotide analogs, molecular beacons, binary fluorescent probes and template-directed reactions with fluorescence probe formation, FRET donor-acceptor pairs, pyrene excimers, aptamers and others. The suitability of all these methods for living cell applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S. Boutorine
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR 7196, INSERM, U565, 57 rue Cuvier, B.P. 26, Paris Cedex 05, F-75231, France; E-Mail:
| | - Darya S. Novopashina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
| | - Olga A. Krasheninina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Karine Nozeret
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR 7196, INSERM, U565, 57 rue Cuvier, B.P. 26, Paris Cedex 05, F-75231, France; E-Mail:
| | - Alya G. Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; E-Mails: (D.S.N.); (O.A.K.); (A.G.V.)
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Hövelmann F, Gaspar I, Ephrussi A, Seitz O. Brightness enhanced DNA FIT-probes for wash-free RNA imaging in tissue. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:19025-32. [PMID: 24295172 DOI: 10.1021/ja410674h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic oligonucleotides enable RNA imaging in cells and tissues. A high responsiveness of fluorescence is required when unbound probes cannot be washed away. Furthermore, emission should be bright in order to enable detection against autofluorescent background. The development of fluorescence-quenched hybridization probes has led to remarkable improvement of fluorescence responsiveness. Yet, comparably little attention has been paid to the brightness of smart probes. We describe hybridization probes that combine responsiveness with a high brightness of the measured signal. The method relies upon quencher-free DNA forced intercalation (FIT)-probes, in which two (or more) intercalator dyes of the thiazole orange (TO) family serve as nucleobase surrogates. Initial experiments on multi-TO-labeled probes led to improvements of responsiveness, but self-quenching limited their brightness. To enhance both brightness and responsiveness the highly responsive TO nucleoside was combined with the highly emissive oxazolopyridine analogue JO. Single-stranded TO/JO FIT-probes are dark. In the probe-target duplex, quenching caused by torsional twisting and dye-dye contact is prevented. The TO nucleoside appears to serve as a light collector that increases the extinction coefficient and transfers excitation energy to the JO emitter. This leads to very bright JO emission upon hybridization (F/F0 = 23, brightness = 43 mL mol(-1) cm(-1) at λex = 516 nm). TO/JO FIT-probes allowed the direct fluorescence microscopic imaging of oskar mRNA within a complex tissue. Of note, RNA imaging was feasible under wide-field excitation conditions. The described protocol enables rapid RNA imaging in tissue without the need for cutting-edge equipment, time-consuming washing, or signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hövelmann
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Doluca O, Hale TK, Edwards PJB, González C, Filichev VV. Assembly Dependent Fluorescence Enhancing Nucleic Acids in Sequence-Specific Detection of Double-Stranded DNA. Chempluschem 2013; 79:58-66. [PMID: 31986766 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study the position of the thiazole orange derivative in triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) is varied and the fluorescence of the resulting complexes with DNA duplexes, single-stranded DNAs and RNAs are evaluated. Under similar conditions single attachment of the TO-dye to 2'-O-propargyl nucleotides in the TFOs (assembly dependent fluorescence enhancing nucleic acids, AFENA) led to probes with low fluorescent intensity in the single-stranded state with fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF ) of 0.9 %-1.5 %. Significant increase in fluorescence intensity was detected after formation of DNA triplexes (ΦF =23.5 %-34.9 %). Under similar conditions, Watson-Crick-type duplexes formed by the probes with single stranded (ss) RNA and ssDNA showed lower fluorescence intensities. Bugle insertions of twisted intercalating nucleic acid (TINA) monomers were shown to improve the fluorescent characteristics of GT/GA-containing antiparallel AFENA-TFOs. Self-aggregation of TFOs caused by guanosines was eliminated by TINA insertion which also promoted DNA triplex formation at pH 7.2. Importantly these AFENA-TINA-TFOs can bind to the duplex in the presence of complementary RNA at 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Doluca
- College of Sciences, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, 4442 Palmerston North (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 6-3505682.,International Burch University, Francuske Revolucije, 71210 Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
| | - Tracy K Hale
- College of Sciences, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, 4442 Palmerston North (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 6-3505682
| | - Patrick J B Edwards
- College of Sciences, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, 4442 Palmerston North (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 6-3505682
| | - Carlos González
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasalano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Vyacheslav V Filichev
- College of Sciences, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, 4442 Palmerston North (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 6-3505682
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Chattopadhyay SK, Maitra R, Kundu I, Jana M, Mandal SK, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Acridone-Pterocarpan Conjugate: A Hybrid Molecular Probe for Recognition of Nucleic Acids. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Holzhauser C, Rubner MM, Wagenknecht HA. Energy-transfer-based wavelength-shifting DNA probes with "clickable" cyanine dyes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:722-4. [PMID: 23314253 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25366f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of cyanine dye azides as energy donor dyes via postsynthetic "click"-type cycloaddition chemistry with e.g. a new thiazole orange azide combined with thiazole red yields dual emitting DNA probes with good fluorescence readout properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Holzhauser C, Wagenknecht HA. DNA and RNA “Traffic Lights”: Synthetic Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent Probes Based on Nucleic Acid Base Substitutes for Molecular Imaging. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7373-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
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17
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Holzhauser C, Kracher S, Rubner MM, Schmucker W, Wagenknecht HA, Witzgall R. Photochemically Active Fluorophore-DNA/RNA Conjugates for Cellular Imaging of Nucleic Acids by Readout in Electron Microscopy. ChemistryOpen 2013; 2:136-40. [PMID: 24551554 PMCID: PMC3775519 DOI: 10.1002/open.201300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Sabrina Kracher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Moritz M Rubner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Schmucker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Ralph Witzgall
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg (Germany) E-mail:
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18
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Bortolozzi R, Ihmels H, Thomas L, Tian M, Viola G. 9-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)benzo[b]quinolizinium: a near-infrared fluorophore for the multicolor analysis of proteins and nucleic acids in living cells. Chemistry 2013; 19:8736-41. [PMID: 23703698 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bortolozzi
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Laboratorio di Oncoematologia, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 3, I-35128 Padova, Italy
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19
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Holzhauser C, Liebl R, Goepferich A, Wagenknecht HA, Breunig M. RNA "traffic lights": an analytical tool to monitor siRNA integrity. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:890-4. [PMID: 23402653 DOI: 10.1021/cb3006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The combination of thiazole orange and thiazole red as an internal energy transfer-based fluorophore pair in oligonucleotides provides an outstanding analytical tool to follow DNA/RNA hybridization through a distinct fluorescence color change from red to green. Herein, we demonstrate that this concept can be applied to small interfering RNA (siRNA) to monitor RNA integrity in living cells in real time with a remarkable dynamic range and excellent contrast ratios in cellular media. Furthermore, we show that our siRNA-sensors still possess their gene silencing function toward the knockdown of enhanced green fluorescent protein in CHO-K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Renate Liebl
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University of Regensburg, 93053
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University of Regensburg, 93053
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Miriam Breunig
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University of Regensburg, 93053
Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Ehrenschwender T, Liang Y, Unterreiner AN, Wagenknecht HA, Wolf TJA. Fluorescence quenching over short range in a donor-DNA-acceptor system. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1197-204. [PMID: 23532955 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new donor-DNA-acceptor system has been synthesized containing Nile red-modified 2'-deoxyuridine as charge donor and 6-N,N-dimethylaminopyrene-modified 2'-deoxyuridine as acceptor to investigate the charge transfer in DNA duplexes using fluorescence spectroscopy and time-resolved femtosecond pump-probe techniques. Fluorescence quenching experiments revealed that the quenching efficiency of Nile red depends on two components: 1) the presence of a charge acceptor and 2) the number of intervening CG and AT base pairs between donor and acceptor. Surprisingly, the quenching efficiency of two base pairs (73% for CG and the same for AT) is higher than that for one base pair (68% for CG and 37% for AT), while at a separation of three base pairs less than 10% quenching is observed. A comparison with the results of time-resolved measurements revealed a correlation between quenching efficiency and the first ultrafast time constant suggesting that quenching proceeds via a charge transfer from the donor to the acceptor. All transients are satisfactorily described with two decays: a rapid charge transfer with 600 fs (∼10(12) s(-1)) that depends strongly and in a non-linear fashion on the distance between donor and acceptor, and a slower time constant of a few picoseconds (∼10(11) s(-1)) with weak distance dependence. A third time constant on a nanosecond time scale represents the fluorescence lifetime of the donor molecule. According to these results and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations a combination of single-step superexchange and multistep hopping mechanisms can be proposed for this short-range charge transfer. Furthermore, significantly less quenching efficiency and slower charge transfer rates at very short distances indicate that the direct interaction between donor and acceptor leads to a local structural distortion of DNA duplexes which may provide some uncertainty in identifying the charge transfer rates in short-range systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ehrenschwender
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Socher E, Knoll A, Seitz O. Dual fluorophore PNA FIT-probes--extremely responsive and bright hybridization probes for the sensitive detection of DNA and RNA. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 10:7363-71. [PMID: 22864341 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides are commonly employed as probes to detect specific DNA or RNA sequences in homogeneous solution. Useful probes should experience strong increases in fluorescent emission upon hybridization with the target. We developed dual labeled peptide nucleic acid probes, which signal the presence of complementary DNA or RNA by up to 450-fold enhancements of fluorescence intensity. This enabled the very sensitive detection of a DNA target (40 pM LOD), which was detectable at less than 0.1% of the beacon concentration. In contrast to existing DNA-based molecular beacons, this PNA-based method does not require a stem sequence to enforce dye-dye communication. Rather, the method relies on the energy transfer between a "smart" thiazole orange (TO) nucleotide, which requires formation of the probe-target complex in order to become fluorescent, and terminally appended acceptor dyes. To improve upon fluorescence responsiveness the energy pathways were dissected. Hydrophobic, spectrally mismatched dye combinations allowed significant (99.97%) decreases of background emission in the absence of a target. By contrast, spectral overlap between TO donor emission and acceptor excitation enabled extremely bright FRET signals. This and the large apparent Stokes shift (82 nm) suggests potential applications in the detection of specific RNA targets in biogenic matrices without the need of sample pre-processing prior to detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Socher
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Barrois S, Wagenknecht HA. In-stem labelling allows visualization of DNA strand displacements by distinct fluorescent colour change. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3085-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Holzhauser C, Wagenknecht HA. "DNA traffic lights": concept of wavelength-shifting DNA probes and application in an aptasensor. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1136-8. [PMID: 22532374 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Add it and see it: The concept of "DNA traffic lights" for wavelength-shifting DNA probes has a great potential in the application of biosensors, for example, in DNA aptamers. A visual color change in the DNA aptasensor fluorescence from green to red occurs after specific target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Loakes D. Nucleotides and nucleic acids; oligo- and polynucleotides. ORGANOPHOSPHORUS CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734875-00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Loakes
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QH UK
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25
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Rubner MM, Holzhauser C, Bohländer PR, Wagenknecht HA. A “Clickable” Styryl Dye for Fluorescent DNA Labeling by Excitonic and Energy Transfer Interactions. Chemistry 2012; 18:1299-302. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Riedl J, Pohl R, Rulíšek L, Hocek M. Synthesis and photophysical properties of biaryl-substituted nucleos(t)ides. Polymerase synthesis of DNA probes bearing solvatochromic and pH-sensitive dual fluorescent and 19F NMR labels. J Org Chem 2011; 77:1026-44. [PMID: 22148188 DOI: 10.1021/jo202321g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The design of four new fluorinated biaryl fluorescent labels and their attachment to nucleosides and nucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) by the aqueous cross-coupling reactions of biarylboronates is reported. The modified dNTPs were good substrates for KOD XL polymerase and were enzymatically incorporated into DNA probes. The photophysical properties of the biaryl-modified nucleosides, dNTPs, and DNA were studied systematically. The different substitution pattern of the biaryls was used for tuning of emission maxima in the broad range of 366-565 nm. Using methods of computational chemistry the emission maxima were reproduced with a satisfactory degree of accuracy, and it was shown that the large solvatochromic shifts observed for the studied probes are proportional to the differences in dipole moments of the ground (S(0)) and excited (S(1)) states that add on top of smaller shifts predicted already for these systems in vacuo. Thus, we present a set of compounds that may serve as multipurpose base-discriminating fluorophores for sensing of hairpins, deletions, and mismatches by the change of emission maxima and intensities of fluorescence and that can be also conviently studied by (19)F NMR spectroscopy. In addition, aminobenzoxazolyl-fluorophenyl-labeled nucleotides and DNA also exert dual pH-sensitive and solvatochromic fluorescence, which may imply diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Riedl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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27
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Stadler AL, Delos Santos JO, Stensrud ES, Dembska A, Silva GL, Liu S, Shank NI, Kunttas-Tatli E, Sobers CJ, Gramlich PME, Carell T, Peteanu LA, McCartney BM, Armitage BA. Fluorescent DNA nanotags featuring covalently attached intercalating dyes: synthesis, antibody conjugation, and intracellular imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1491-502. [PMID: 21755981 DOI: 10.1021/bc100485f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized fluorescent DNA duplexes featuring multiple thiazole orange (TO) intercalating dyes covalently attached to the DNA via a triazole linkage. The intercalating dyes stabilize the duplex against thermal denaturation and show bright fluorescence in the green region of the spectrum. The emission color can be changed to orange or red by addition of energy-accepting Cy3 or Cy5 dyes attached covalently to the DNA duplex. The dye-modified DNA duplexes were then attached to a secondary antibody for intracellular fluorescence imaging of centrosomes in Drosophila embryos. Bright fluorescent foci were observed at the centrosomes in both the donor (TO) and acceptor (Cy5) channels, because the energy transfer efficiency is moderate. Monitoring the Cy5 emission channel significantly minimized the background signal because of the large shift in emission wavelength allowed by energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Stadler
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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28
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Holzhauser C, Wagenknecht HA. In-stem-labeled molecular beacons for distinct fluorescent color readout. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7268-72. [PMID: 21717540 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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29
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Holzhauser C, Wagenknecht HA. Deutliche Fluoreszenzfarbwechsel durch Markierung des Stamminneren von “Molecular Beacons”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Menacher F, Wagenknecht HA. Synthesis of DNA with Green Perylene Bisimides as DNA Base Substitutions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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31
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Ehrenschwender T, Wagenknecht HA. 4,4-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene as a Bright Fluorescent Label for DNA. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2301-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102519k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ehrenschwender
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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32
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Kummer S, Knoll A, Socher E, Bethge L, Herrmann A, Seitz O. Fluoreszenzbildgebung der mRNA von Influenza-H1N1 in lebenden infizierten Zellen durch FIT-PNA mit einem einzigen Chromophor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Kummer S, Knoll A, Socher E, Bethge L, Herrmann A, Seitz O. Fluorescence imaging of influenza H1N1 mRNA in living infected cells using single-chromophore FIT-PNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1931-4. [PMID: 21328673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Kummer
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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