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Ferreira JCC, Sousa RPCL, Preto A, Sousa MJ, Gonçalves MST. Novel Benzo[ a]phenoxazinium Chlorides Functionalized with Sulfonamide Groups as NIR Fluorescent Probes for Vacuole, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Plasma Membrane Staining. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3006. [PMID: 36769330 PMCID: PMC9918004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for new fluorophores for different biological target imaging is increasing. Benzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives are fluorochromophores that show promising optical properties for bioimaging, namely fluorescent emission at the NIR of the visible region, where biological samples have minimal fluorescence emission. In this study, six new benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides possessing sulfonamide groups at 5-amino-positions were synthesized and their optical and biological properties were tested. Compared with previous probes evaluated using fluorescence microscopy, using different S. cerevisiae strains, these probes, with sulfonamide groups, stained the vacuole membrane and/or the perinuclear membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum with great specificity, with some fluorochromophores capable of even staining the plasma membrane. Thus, the addition of a sulfonamide group to the benzo[a]phenoxazinium core increases their specificity and attributes for the fluorescent labeling of cell applications and fractions, highlighting them as quite valid alternatives to commercially available dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C. C. Ferreira
- Centre of Chemistry (CQUM), Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IBS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui P. C. L. Sousa
- Centre of Chemistry (CQUM), Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - A. Preto
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IBS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IBS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - M. Sameiro T. Gonçalves
- Centre of Chemistry (CQUM), Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Sousa RPCL, Ferreira JCC, Sousa MJ, Gonçalves MST. N-(5-Amino-9 H-benzo[ a]phenoxazin-9-ylidene)propan-1-aminium chlorides as antifungal agents and NIR fluorescent probes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides (λemi ≤ 683 nm, ΦF ≤ 0.24, at pH = 7.4), best MIC 6.25 μM in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, stain vacuolar/perinuclear membranes of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P. C. L. Sousa
- Centre of Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - João C. C. Ferreira
- Centre of Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology
- Department of Biology
- University of Minho
- 4710-057 Braga
- Portugal
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Leitão MIPS, Rama Raju B, Cerqueira NMFSA, Sousa MJ, Gonçalves MST. Benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides: Synthesis, antifungal activity, in silico studies and evaluation as fluorescent probes. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103730. [PMID: 32199304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Four new benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides with combinations of chloride, ethyl ester and methyl as terminals of the amino substituents were synthesized. These compounds were characterized and their optical properties were studied in absolute dry ethanol and water. Their antiproliferative activity was tested against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a broth microdilution assay, along with an array of 36 other benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 1.56 and >200 µM were observed. Fluorescence microscopy studies, used to assess the intracellular distribution of the dyes, showed that these benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides function as efficient and site specific probes for the detection of the vacuole membrane. The added advantage of some of the compounds, that displayed the lower MIC values, was the simultaneous staining of both the vacuole membrane and the perinuclear membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Molecular docking studies were performed on the human membrane protein oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), using the crystal structure available on PDB (code 1W6K). The results showed that these most active compounds accommodated better in the active sites of ER enzyme OSC suggesting this enzyme as a potential target. As a whole, the results demonstrate that the benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides are interesting alternatives to the available commercial dyes. Changes in the substituents of these compounds can tailor both their staining specificity and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês P S Leitão
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - B Rama Raju
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - M Sameiro T Gonçalves
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Raju BR, Gonçalves MST, Coutinho PJG. Fluorescent probes based on side-chain chlorinated benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides: Studies of interaction with DNA. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 171:1-9. [PMID: 27450866 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of DNA with six water soluble benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides mono- or di-substituted with 3-chloropropyl groups at the O and N of 2- and 9-positions, along with methyl, hydroxyl and amine terminal groups at 5-positions, was investigated by photophysical techniques. The results indicated that almost all compounds intercalated in DNA base pairs at phosphate to dye ratio higher than 5. At lower values of this ratio, electrostatic binding mode with DNA was observed. Groove binding was detected mainly for the benzo[a]phenoxazinium dye with NH2·HBr terminal. The set of six benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides proved successful to label the migrating DNA in agarose gel electrophoresis assays. These finding proves the ability of these benzo[a]phenoxazinium dyes to strongly interact with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rama Raju
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - M Sameiro T Gonçalves
- Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo J G Coutinho
- Centre of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Synthesis and photophysical properties of side-chain chlorinated benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Firmino ADG, Raju BR, Gonçalves MST. Microwave Synthesis of Water-Soluble 2-, 5- and 9-Substituted Benzo[a]phenoxazinium Chlorides in Comparison with Conventional Heating. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yuan L, Lin W, Zheng K, He L, Huang W. Far-red to near infrared analyte-responsive fluorescent probes based on organic fluorophore platforms for fluorescence imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:622-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1456] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Naik S, Alves CMA, Coutinho PJG, Gonçalves MST. N-(Di)icosyl-Substituted Benzo[a]phenoxazinium Chlorides: Synthesis and Evaluation as Near-Infrared Membrane Probes. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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