1
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Forsythe NP, Mize ER, Kashiwagi GA, Demchenko AV. Expedient Synthesis of Superarmed Glycosyl Donors via Oxidative Thioglycosidation of Glycals. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:1147-1156. [PMID: 38655286 PMCID: PMC11034933 DOI: 10.1055/a-2183-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Superarmed glycosyl donors have higher reactivity compared to their perbenzylated armed counterparts. Generally, the 2-O- benzoyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl protecting group pattern gives rise to increased reactivity due to an O-2/O-5 cooperative effect. Despite having a high reactivity profile and applicability in many expeditious strategies for glycan synthesis, regioselective introduction of the superarming protecting group pattern is tedious for most sugar series. Reported herein is a streamlined synthetic route to yield superarmed glycosyl donors of the d-gluco and d-galacto series equipped with an ethylthio, phenylthio, p-tolylthio, benzoxazol-2-ylthio, O-allyl, or O-pentenyl anomeric leaving group. This streamlined approach was made possible due to the refinement of the oxidative thioglycosylation reaction of the respective glucal and galactal precursors. The applicability of this approach to the direct formation of disaccharides is also showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Emma R Mize
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Gustavo A Kashiwagi
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
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2
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Abstract
The structural complexity of glycans poses a serious challenge in the chemical synthesis of glycosides, oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Glycan complexity, determined by composition, connectivity, and configuration far exceeds what nature achieves with nucleic acids and proteins. Consequently, glycoside synthesis ranks among the most complex tasks in organic synthesis, despite involving only a simple type of bond-forming reaction. Here, we introduce the fundamental principles of glycoside bond formation and summarize recent advances in glycoside bond formation and oligosaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Crawford
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Rahaman Molla M, Thakur R. C2‐(1
N
/2
N
‐Methyl‐tetrazole)methyl Ether (MeTetMe) as a Stereodirecting Group for 1,2‐
trans
‐β‐
O
‐Glycosylation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mosidur Rahaman Molla
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Patna Ashok Rajpath Patna 800 005 Bihar
| | - Rima Thakur
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Patna Ashok Rajpath Patna 800 005 Bihar
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4
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Alex C, Demchenko AV. Recent Advances in Stereocontrolled Mannosylation: Focus on Glycans Comprising Acidic and/or Amino Sugars. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3278-3294. [PMID: 34661961 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to describe accomplishments made in the stereoselective synthesis of β-linked mannosides functionalized with carboxyls or amines/amides. These ManNAc, ManA and ManNAcA residues found in many glycoconjugates, bacterial polysaccharides, and alginates have consistently captured interest of the glycoscience community both due to synthetic challenge and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alex
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
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5
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Tokatly AI, Vinnitskiy DZ, Ustuzhanina NE, Nifantiev NE. Protecting Groups as a Factor of Stereocontrol in Glycosylation Reactions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Alex C, Visansirikul S, Demchenko AV. A versatile approach to the synthesis of mannosamine glycosides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6682-6695. [PMID: 32813001 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01640c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
O-Picoloyl protecting groups at remote positions can affect the stereoselectivity of glycosylation by means of the H-bond-mediated aglycone delivery (HAD) pathway. A new practical method for the stereoselective synthesis of β-glycosides of mannosamine is reported. The presence of the O-picoloyl group at the C-3 position of a mannosamine donor can provide high or complete stereocontrol. The method was also utilized for the synthesis of a biologically relevant trisaccharide related to the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4. Also reported herein is a method to achieve complete α-manno stereoselectivity with mannosamine donors equipped with 3-O-benzoyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alex
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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7
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Hettikankanamalage AA, Lassfolk R, Ekholm FS, Leino R, Crich D. Mechanisms of Stereodirecting Participation and Ester Migration from Near and Far in Glycosylation and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7104-7151. [PMID: 32627532 PMCID: PMC7429366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review is the counterpart of a 2018 Chemical Reviews article (Adero, P. O.; Amarasekara, H.; Wen, P.; Bohé, L.; Crich, D. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 8242-8284) that examined the mechanisms of chemical glycosylation in the absence of stereodirecting participation. Attention is now turned to a critical review of the evidence in support of stereodirecting participation in glycosylation reactions by esters from either the vicinal or more remote positions. As participation by esters is often accompanied by ester migration, the mechanism(s) of migration are also reviewed. Esters are central to the entire review, which accordingly opens with an overview of their structure and their influence on the conformations of six-membered rings. Next the structure and relative energetics of dioxacarbeniun ions are covered with emphasis on the influence of ring size. The existing kinetic evidence for participation is then presented followed by an overview of the various intermediates either isolated or characterized spectroscopically. The evidence supporting participation from remote or distal positions is critically examined, and alternative hypotheses for the stereodirecting effect of such esters are presented. The mechanisms of ester migration are first examined from the perspective of glycosylation reactions and then more broadly in the context of partially acylated polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiri A. Hettikankanamalage
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Lassfolk
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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8
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Molla MR, Das P, Guleria K, Subramanian R, Kumar A, Thakur R. Cyanomethyl Ether as an Orthogonal Participating Group for Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2- trans-β- O-Glycosides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9955-9968. [PMID: 32600042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective formation of glycosidic linkages has been the prime focus for contemporary carbohydrate chemistry. Herein, we report cyanomethyl (CNMe) ether as an efficient and effective participating orthogonal protecting group for the stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-trans-β-O-glycosides. The participating group facilitated good to high β-selective glycosylation with a broad range of electron-rich and electron-deficient glycosyl acceptors. Detailed experimental and theoretical studies reveal the involvement of CNMe ether in the formation of a six-membered imine-type cyclic intermediate for the observed stereoselectivity. Rapid incorporation and selective removal of the CNMe ether group in the presence of benzyl ether and isopropylidene acetal protection have also been reported here. The nitrile group provided an opportunity for the glycodiversification through further derivatizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosidur Rahaman Molla
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 800005, India
| | - Pradip Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 800005, India
| | - Kanika Guleria
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 801103, India
| | - Ranga Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 801103, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 801103, India
| | - Rima Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar 800005, India
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9
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Ghosh B, Kulkarni SS. Advances in Protecting Groups for Oligosaccharide Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:450-462. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
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10
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Otsuka Y, Yamamoto T, Fukase K. β‐Selective Glycosylation by Using
O
‐Aryl‐Protected Glycosyl Donors. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2719-2723. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Otsuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka Prefecture 560-0043 Japan
- Peptide Institute, Inc. Saito-Asagi 7-2-9 Ibaraki Osaka Prefecture 567-0085 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka Prefecture 560-0043 Japan
- Peptide Institute, Inc. Saito-Asagi 7-2-9 Ibaraki Osaka Prefecture 567-0085 Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University Machikaneyama 1-1 Toyonaka Osaka Prefecture 560-0043 Japan
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11
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Wang X, Wang P, Li D, Li M. 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonamide-Directed S N2-Type Displacement Reaction Enables Synthesis of β-d-Glycosaminosides. Org Lett 2019; 21:2402-2407. [PMID: 30900906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient protocol to construct β-d-gluco-/galactosaminosyl linkages was established using nonparticipating and strong electron-withdrawing C-2-2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (DNsNH)-directed SN2-like glycosylation of glycosyl ortho-hexynylbenzoates. The reaction is applicable to a wide range of O-, N-, and C-nucleophiles and features convenient conversion of DNsNH into AcNH in high yield under mild conditions. Oligomerization-ready trisaccharide, composed of β-d-(1→3)-glucosamino residues, has been achieved, setting a solid foundation for the synthesis of oligosaccharides associated with Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyang Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003 China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003 China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Dongwei Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003 China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003 China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 China
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12
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Karak M, Joh Y, Suenaga M, Oishi T, Torikai K. 1,2- trans Glycosylation via Neighboring Group Participation of 2- O-Alkoxymethyl Groups: Application to One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis. Org Lett 2019; 21:1221-1225. [PMID: 30693782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of 2- O-alkoxymethyl groups as effective stereodirecting substituents for the construction of 1,2- trans glycosidic linkages is reported. The observed stereoselectivity arises from the intramolecular formation of a five-membered cyclic architecture between the 2- O-alkoxymethyl substituent and the oxocarbenium ion, which provides the expected facial selectivity. Furthermore, the observed stereocontrol and the extremely high reactivity of 2- O-alkoxymethyl-protected donors allowed development of a one-pot sequential glycosylation strategy that should become a powerful tool for the assembly of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milandip Karak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Yohei Joh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Masahiko Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
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13
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Weber J, Svatunek D, Krauter S, Tegl G, Hametner C, Kosma P, Mikula H. 2-O-Benzyloxycarbonyl protected glycosyl donors: a revival of carbonate-mediated anchimeric assistance for diastereoselective glycosylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12543-12546. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benzyloxycarbonyl can be used as participating group for the diastereoselective glycosylation of base-labile products and the synthesis of glycosyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weber
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Simon Krauter
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Division of Organic Chemistry
| | - Gregor Tegl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Division of Organic Chemistry
| | | | - Paul Kosma
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Vienna (BOKU)
- Austria
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
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14
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van der Vorm S, Hansen T, van Hengst JMA, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Acceptor reactivity in glycosylation reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4688-4706. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00369f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the reactivity of the glycosyl acceptor on the outcome of glycosylation reactions is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2333 CC Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2333 CC Leiden
- The Netherlands
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15
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Panza M, Pistorio SG, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Automated Chemical Oligosaccharide Synthesis: Novel Approach to Traditional Challenges. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8105-8150. [PMID: 29953217 PMCID: PMC6522228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in carbohydrate chemistry have certainly made common oligosaccharides much more accessible. However, many current methods still rely heavily upon specialized knowledge of carbohydrate chemistry. The application of automated technologies to chemical and life science applications such as genomics and proteomics represents a vibrant field. These automated technologies also present opportunities for their application to organic synthesis, including that of the synthesis of oligosaccharides. However, application of automated methods to the synthesis of carbohydrates is an underdeveloped area as compared to other classes of biomolecules. The overarching goal of this review article is to present the advances that have been made at the interface of carbohydrate chemistry and automated technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Panza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Salvatore G. Pistorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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16
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Ding F, Ishiwata A, Ito Y. Bimodal Glycosyl Donors Protected by 2- O-( ortho-Tosylamido)benzyl Group. Org Lett 2018; 20:4384-4388. [PMID: 29985002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A glucosyl donor equipped with C2- o-TsNHbenzyl ether was shown to provide both α- and β-glycosides stereoselectivity, by changing the reaction conditions. Namely, β-glycosides were selectively obtained when the trichloroacetimidate was activated by Tf2NH. On the other hand, activation by TfOH in Et2O provided α-glycosides as major products. This "single donor" approach was employed to assemble naturally occurring trisaccharide α-d-Glc-(1→2)-α-d-Glc-(1→6)-d-Glc and its anomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Ding
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako, Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako, Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako, Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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17
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Heuckendorff M, Poulsen LT, Hedberg C, Jensen HH. Dissection of the effects that govern thioglucoside and thiomannoside reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533400 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02968c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neighboring group effects were investigated in gluco- and manno-configured thioglycosides under NIS/TfOH activation. Donors possessing a 2-O-benzoyl group that are capable (1,2-trans) and incapable (1,2-cis) of exerting nucleophilic push were compared with donors possessing a participatory neutral 2-O-benzyl group. By using competition experiments between sets of glycosyl donors the direct effect of neighboring group participation and the electron withdrawing effect of the 2-O-benzoyl group could be separated. The study brings insight into how the stereochemistry of the 1 and 2 position and how the nature of the aglycon (Ph or Et) have a pronounced effect on glycosyl donor reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Heuckendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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18
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Otsuka Y, Yamamoto T, Fukase K. Syntheses of N -aryl-protected glucosamines and their stereoselectivity in chemical glycosylations. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Heuckendorff M, Poulsen LT, Jensen HH. Remote Electronic Effects by Ether Protecting Groups Fine-Tune Glycosyl Donor Reactivity. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4988-5006. [PMID: 27224456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It was established that para-substituted benzyl ether protecting groups affect the reactivity of glycosyl donors of the thioglycoside type with the N-iodosuccinimide/triflic acid promoter system. Having electron donating p-methoxybenzyl ether (PMB) groups increased the reactivity of the donor in comparison to having electron withdrawing p-chloro (PClB) or p-cyanobenzyl ether (PCNB) protecting groups, which decreased the reactivity of the glycosyl donor relative to the parent benzyl ether (Bn) protected glycosyl donor. These findings were used to perform the first armed-disarmed coupling between two benzylated glucosyl donors by tuning their reactivity. In addition, the present work describes a highly efficient palladium catalyzed multiple cyanation and methoxylation of p-chlorobenzyl protected thioglycosides. The results of this paper regarding both the different electron withdrawing properties of various benzyl ethers and the efficient and multiple protecting group transformations are applicable in general organic chemistry and not restricted to carbohydrate chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Heuckendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lulu Teressa Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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20
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Kallam SR, Datrika R, Khobare SR, Gajare VS, Rajana N, Mohan HR, Babu JM, Siddaiah V, Pratap T. Concise and highly stereoselective syntheses of d-fagomine and 2-epi-fagomine. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Watson AJA, Alexander SR, Cox DJ, Fairbanks AJ. Protecting Group Dependence of Stereochemical Outcome of Glycosylation of 2-O-(Thiophen-2-yl)methyl Ether Protected Glycosyl Donors. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Wen P, Crich D. Absence of Stereodirecting Participation by 2-O-Alkoxycarbonylmethyl Ethers in 4,6-O-Benzylidene-Directed Mannosylation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:12300-10. [PMID: 26565923 PMCID: PMC4684826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a series of mannopyranosyl donors carrying 2-O-(2-oxoalkyl) ethers and their use in glycosylation reactions are described. The formation of cyclic products with the simple 2-O-phenacyl ether and with the 2-O-(t-butoxycarbonylmethyl) ether establishes the stereoelectronic feasibility of participation in such systems. The high β-selectivities observed with the bis-trifluoromethyl phenacyl ether indicate that participation can be suppressed through the introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents. The high β-selectivities and absence of cyclic products observed with the 2-O-(methoxycarbonylmethyl) ether exclude the effective participation of esters through six-membered cyclic intermediates in this series. The results are discussed in terms of the conformation of cyclic dioxenium ions (E,E-, E,Z-, or Z,Z-) and in the context of "neighboring group" participation by nonvicinal esters in glycosylation. Methods for the deprotection of the 2-O-phenacyl and 2-O-(methoxycarbonylmethyl) ethers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202,
USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202,
USA
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23
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Chu AHA, Minciunescu A, Bennett CS. Aryl(trifluoroethyl)iodonium Triflimide and Nitrile Solvent Systems: A Combination for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Armed 1,2-trans-β-Glycosides at Noncryogenic Temperatures. Org Lett 2015; 17:6262-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An-Hsiang Adam Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Andrei Minciunescu
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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24
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Singh GP, Watson AJA, Fairbanks AJ. Achiral 2-Hydroxy Protecting Group for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 1,2-cis-α-Glycosides by Six-Ring Neighboring Group Participation. Org Lett 2015; 17:4376-9. [PMID: 26308903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of a fully armed donor bearing a 2-O-(trimethoxybenzenethiol) ethyl ether protecting group is completely α-selective with a range of carbohydrate alcohol acceptors. Low-temperature NMR studies confirm the intermediacy of cyclic sulfonium ion intermediates arising from six-membered β-sulfonium ring neighboring group participation. Selective protecting group removal is achieved in high yield in a single operation by S-methylation and base-induced β-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind P Singh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Antony J Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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25
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Peng P, Geng Y, Göttker-Schnetmann I, Schmidt RR. 2-Nitro-thioglycosides: α- and β-selective generation and their potential as β-selective glycosyl donors. Org Lett 2015; 17:1421-4. [PMID: 25740177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Michael-type addition of thiolates to 2-nitro-D-glucal or to 2-nitro-D-galactal derivatives readily provides 2-deoxy-2-nitro-1-thioglycosides. Kinetic and thermodynamic reaction control permitted formation of either the α- or preferentially the β-anomers, respectively. Addition of achiral and chiral thiourea derivatives to the reaction mixture increased the reaction rate; the outcome is substrate-controlled. The 2-deoxy-2-nitro-1-thioglycosides are excellent glycosyl donors under arylsulfenyl chloride/silver triflate (ArSCl/AgOTf) activation, and they provide, anchimerically assisted by the nitro group, mostly β-glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yiqun Geng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Richard R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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26
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Buda S, Nawój M, Gołębiowska P, Dyduch K, Michalak A, Mlynarski J. Application of 2-Substituted Benzyl Groups in Stereoselective Glycosylation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:770-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502186f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Buda
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mirosław Nawój
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Gołębiowska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karol Dyduch
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Michalak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Mlynarski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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27
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The intriguing dual-directing effect of 2-cyanobenzyl ether for a highly stereospecific glycosylation reaction. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5051. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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28
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Neighbouring Group Participation During Glycosylation: Do 2-Substituted Ethyl Ethers Participate? European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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