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Sankara CS, Namboothiri INN. Hauser-Kraus Annulation Initiated Multi-Cascade Reactions for Facile Access to Functionalized and Fused Oxazepines, Carbazoles and Phenanthridinediones. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303517. [PMID: 37946675 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The Hauser-Kraus (H-K) annulation of N-unsubstituted 3-olefinic oxindoles with 3-nucleophilic phthalides triggers a cascade of ring expansion and ring contraction reactions through several regioselective steps in one pot. While oxazepines were isolated in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of base at room temperature, carbazoles and phenanthridinediones were the products in the presence of excess base and microwave irradiation. Mechanistic studies guided by stepwise reactions and control experiments revealed that the isolable oxazepine intermediate, formed via ring expansion of the H-K adduct, is the key precursor to carbazole and phenanthridinedione via decarboxylative regioselective cyclizations.
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Pavunkumar V, Harikrishnan K, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis of Cytotoxic Quino[4,3- b]carbazole Frameworks through an Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:191-215. [PMID: 38133929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
An intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of positionally isomeric indole-2/3-phenylvinyl-N-alkynylated (N-phenylsulfonyl)amines has been successfully exploited for the synthesis of quino[4,3-b]carbazole and its analogues. This reaction proceeds through a [4 + 2] cycloaddition followed by elimination and deprotection of phenylsulfonyl units to afford the quinocarbazoles in moderate to good yields. The reaction features a broad substrate scope and remarkable functional group forbearance. A preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of representative quino[4,3-b]carbazoles was performed against NCI-H460 human cancer cell culture. Among the quino[4,3-b]carbazoles evaluated, five of the fluorine-containing quinocarbazoles displayed nano molar range (0.8-2.0 nm) GI50 values. The UV-vis and fluorescence spectral studies of representative quinocarbazoles were also performed. Like ellipticine, four of the quinocarbazoles displayed dual emissions confirming the existence of p-quinonoid like tautomeric forms in a polar protic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagam Pavunkumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kesavan Harikrishnan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasambattu K Mohanakrishnan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Deng C, Liu Y, Xu M, Xie K, Liu S. Exploiting an intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization/dehydro-aromatization sequence for the total syntheses of ellipticines and calothrixin B. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1395-1403. [PMID: 33491728 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The tetracyclic and pentacyclic skeletons of pyrido and quinolinocarbazole alkaloids have been synthesized via a unified strategy. The prominent key step involved a Diels-Alder intramolecular cyclization/dehydro-aromatization sequence. From these carbazole-lactam cores, linear syntheses have been developed for ellipticines and calothrixin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China. and Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Yuancui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China. and Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Kaiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China. and Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
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Liu Y, Xu M, Xie K, Liu S. Total Synthesis of Calothrixin B
via
an Intramolecular Baylis‐Hillman Cyclization/6π Electrocyclization/Dehydro‐aromatization Sequence and a Specific Oxidative Quinone Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuancui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 PR China
| | - Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Kaiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
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Savvidou A, IoannisTzaras D, Koutoulogenis GS, Theodorou A, Kokotos CG. Synthesis of Benzofuran and Indole Derivatives Catalyzed by Palladium on Carbon. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Savvidou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Dimitrios IoannisTzaras
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Giorgos S. Koutoulogenis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Alexis Theodorou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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Singh S, Samineni R, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. A General Carbazole Synthesis via Stitching of Indole–Ynones with Nitromethanes: Application to Total Synthesis of Carbazomycin A, Calothrixin B, and Staurosporinone. Org Lett 2019; 21:3372-3376. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ramesh Samineni
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Muthu Ramalingam B, Dhatchana Moorthy N, Chowdhury SR, Mageshwaran T, Vellaichamy E, Saha S, Ganesan K, Rajesh BN, Iqbal S, Majumder HK, Gunasekaran K, Siva R, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Calothrixins B and their Deoxygenated Analogues. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1285-1315. [PMID: 29313676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of calothrixin B (2) analogues bearing substituents at the 'E' ring and their corresponding deoxygenated quinocarbazoles lacking quinone unit were synthesized. The cytotoxicities of calothrixins 1, 2, and 15b-p and quinocarbazole analogues were investigated against nine cancer cell lines. The quinocarbazoles 21a and 25a inhibited the catalytic activity of human topoisomerase II. The plasmid DNA cleavage abilities of calothrixins 1, 2, and 15b-p identified compound 15h causing DNA cleavage comparable to that of calothrixin A (1). Calothrixin A (1), 3-fluorocalothrixin 15h and 4-fluoroquinocarbazole 21b induced extensive DNA damage followed by apoptotic cell death. Spectral and plasmid unwinding studies demonstrated an intercalative mode of binding for quinocarbazoles. We identified two promising drug candidates, the 3-fluorocalothrixin B 15h with low toxicity in animal model and its deoxygenated derivative 4-fluoroquinocarbazole 21b as having potent cytotoxicity against NCI-H460 cell line with a GI50 of 1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bose Muthu Ramalingam
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Nachiappan Dhatchana Moorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India.,Research and Development Centre, Orchid Pharma Ltd , Sholinganallur, Chennai 600 119, India
| | - Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | | - Elangovan Vellaichamy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Sourav Saha
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Karthikeyan Ganesan
- Research and Development Centre, Orchid Pharma Ltd , Sholinganallur, Chennai 600 119, India
| | - B Navin Rajesh
- Research and Development Centre, Orchid Pharma Ltd , Sholinganallur, Chennai 600 119, India
| | - Saleem Iqbal
- CAS in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras , Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | | - Ramamoorthy Siva
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore 632 014, India
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Lin K, Jian Y, Zhao P, Zhao CS, Pan WD, Liu S. A rapid construction of a specific quino[4,3-b] carbazolone system and its application for the synthesis of calothrixin B. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00864c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An efficient methodology is developed for the synthesis of functionalized specific carbazole lactams related to pyrido[4,3-b]- and quino[4,3-b] carbazole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi 563000
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants
- Guizhou Medical University
| | - Yong Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants
- Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550014
- PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550014
- PR China
| | - Chun-shen Zhao
- College of Pharmacy
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550014
- PR China
| | - Wei-dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants
- Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550014
- PR China
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants
- Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550014
- PR China
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Lee S, Kim KH, Cheon CH. Total Syntheses of Arcyriaflavin A and Calothrixin B Using 2,2′-Bisindole-3-acetic Acid Derivative as a Common Intermediate. Org Lett 2017; 19:2785-2788. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungjong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Synthesis of Cyclo[b]fused Carbazoles via SnCl4-Mediated Domino Reaction of 2-Indolylmethylpivalates with Arenes and Heteroarenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8633-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Norman AR, Norcott P, McErlean CS. Overview of the synthesis of carbazoloquinone natural products. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Raju P, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthetic Approach to Dictyodendrins: A Facile Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazole, Pyrrolodibenzothiophene, and Benzo[e]indole. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Potharaju Raju
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus 600025 Chennai Tamil Nadu India
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Guo J, Kiran IC, Gao J, Reddy RS, He Y. Total synthesis of calothrixins and their analogues via formal [3+2] cycloaddition of arynes and 2-aminophenanthridinedione. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Cyanobacterial Metabolite Calothrixins: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:17. [PMID: 26771620 PMCID: PMC4728514 DOI: 10.3390/md14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is host to unparalleled biological and chemical diversity, making it an attractive resource for the discovery of new therapeutics for a plethora of diseases. Compounds that are extracted from cyanobacteria are of special interest due to their unique structural scaffolds and capacity to produce potent pharmaceutical and biotechnological traits. Calothrixins A and B are two cyanobacterial metabolites with a structural assembly of quinoline, quinone, and indole pharmacophores. This review surveys recent advances in the synthesis and evaluation of the biological activities of calothrixins. Due to the low isolation yields from the marine source and the promise this scaffold holds for anticancer and antimicrobial drugs, organic and medicinal chemists around the world have embarked on developing efficient synthetic routes to produce calothrixins. Since the first review appeared in 2009, 11 novel syntheses of calothrixins have been published in the efforts to develop methods that contain fewer steps and higher-yielding reactions. Calothrixins have shown their potential as topoisomerase I poisons for their cytotoxicity in cancer. They have also been observed to target various aspects of RNA synthesis in bacteria. Further investigation into the exact mechanism for their bioactivity is still required for many of its analogs.
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Ramkumar N, Nagarajan R. Formal total synthesis of calothrixin B and its N-benzyl analogues. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A formal total synthesis of calothrixin B and its N-benzyl analogues has been reported from (2-chlorophenyl)boronic acid, 8-bromophenanthridine-dione and benzylamines.
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Ramkumar N, Nagarajan R. Total synthesis of calothrixin B via sequential Sonogashira coupling/copper-catalyzed oxidative cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11046-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of the antimalarial indolo[3,2-j]phenanthridine alkaloid calothrixin B is reported.
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Saravanan V, Muthu Ramalingam B, Mohanakrishnan AK. ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Calothrixin B and Its Analogues. CHEMINFORM 2014; 45:no-no. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.201449206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Mal D, Roy J, Biradha K. Regiodivergent and short total synthesis of calothrixins. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8196-203. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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