1
|
Ning Y, Chen H, Ning Y, Zhang J, Bi X. Rhodium-Catalyzed One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Aziridines with Vinyl-N-triftosylhydrazones for the Synthesis of 2-Vinyl Azetidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318072. [PMID: 38282137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Azetidines, being four-membered N-heterocycles, possess significant potential in contemporary medicinal chemistry owing to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Regrettably, the incorporation of functionalized azetidines into pharmaceutical lead structures has been impeded by the absence of efficient synthetic methods for their synthesis. In this study, a Rh-catalyzed one-carbon ring expansion of aziridines with vinyl-N-triftosylhydrazones is presented, which facilitates the synthesis of high value-added 2-alkenyl azetidine products. This research represents the first example of ring expansion of aziridines enabled by vinyl carbenes. Additionally, a one-pot two-step protocol, initiated from cinnamaldehyde, was successfully achieved, offering a step-economical and facile approach for the synthesis of these compounds. The pivotal aspect of this successful transformation lies in the in situ formation of an alkenyl aziridinium ylide intermediate. Experimental investigations, coupled with computational studies, suggest that a diradical pathway is involved in the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Hongzhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Yongyue Ning
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miller DC, Lal RG, Marchetti LA, Arnold FH. Biocatalytic One-Carbon Ring Expansion of Aziridines to Azetidines via a Highly Enantioselective [1,2]-Stevens Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4739-4745. [PMID: 35258294 PMCID: PMC9022672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report enantioselective one-carbon ring expansion of aziridines to make azetidines as a new-to-nature activity of engineered "carbene transferase" enzymes. A laboratory-evolved variant of cytochrome P450BM3, P411-AzetS, not only exerts unparalleled stereocontrol (99:1 er) over a [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement but also overrides the inherent reactivity of aziridinium ylides, cheletropic extrusion of olefins, to perform a [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement. By controlling the fate of the highly reactive aziridinium ylide intermediates, these evolvable biocatalysts promote a transformation which cannot currently be performed using other catalyst classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ravi G. Lal
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Luca A. Marchetti
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Present Address: Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Azetidinium salts are important motifs in organic synthesis but are difficult to obtain due to extremely long synthetic protocols. Herein, a rapid continuous-flow process for the on-demand synthesis of azetidinium salts is described. In particular, the nucleophilic addition of secondary amines and the subsequent intramolecular N-cyclization have been investigated in batch and continuous-flow modes, exploring the effects of solvent type, temperature, reaction time, and amine substituent on the synthesis of azetidinium salts. This has enabled us to quickly identify optimal reaction conditions and obtain microkinetic parameters, verifying that the use of a flow reactor leads to a reduction of the activation energy for the epichlorohydrin aminolysis due to the better control of mass and heat transfer during reaction. This confirms the key role of continuous-flow technologies to affect the kinetics of a reaction and make synthetic protocols ultrarapid and more efficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sivo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Masson G, Gomez Pardo D, Cossy J. Azetidiniums: Ring‐Expansion to Pyrrolidines, Piperidines, Azepanes, and Azocanes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Masson
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris, CNRS (UMR 7167) PSL University 75231 Cedex 05 France
| | - Domingo Gomez Pardo
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris, CNRS (UMR 7167) PSL University 75231 Cedex 05 France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials (C3M), ESPCI Paris, CNRS (UMR 7167) PSL University 75231 Cedex 05 France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Croft RA, Dubois MAJ, Boddy AJ, Denis C, Lazaridou A, Voisin‐Chiret AS, Bureau R, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Bull JA. Catalytic Friedel‐Crafts Reactions on Saturated Heterocycles and Small Rings for sp
3
‐sp
2
Coupling of Medicinally Relevant Fragments. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A. Croft
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Maryne A. J. Dubois
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Alexander J. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Camille Denis
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN 14000, Caen France
| | - Anna Lazaridou
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Anne Sophie Voisin‐Chiret
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN 14000, Caen France
| | - Ronan Bureau
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN 14000, Caen France
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development 445 Eastern Point Rd. Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - James J. Mousseau
- Pfizer Global Research and Development 445 Eastern Point Rd. Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reidl TW, Anderson LL. Divergent Functionalizations of Azetidines and Unsaturated Azetidines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. Reidl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL USA
| | - Laura L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Andresini M, De Angelis S, Uricchio A, Visaggio A, Romanazzi G, Ciriaco F, Corriero N, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Azetidine-Borane Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Stereoselective Functionalization. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10221-10230. [PMID: 30024756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports, for the first time, the synthesis and structural features of azetidine-borane complexes, as well as their reactivity in lithiation reactions. A temperature-dependent stereoselectivity has been disclosed in the reaction of borane with N-alkyl-2-arylazetidines, allowing for a stereoselective preparation of azetidine-borane complexes 2 and 3. A regioselective hydrogen/lithium permutation, at the benzylic position, was observed in lithiation reactions of complexes possessing a syn relationship, between the ring proton and the BH3 group. In contrast, scarce or no reactivity was noticed in complexes lacking such a stereochemical requirement. The configurational stability of the lithiated intermediates has also been investigated, in order to shed some light on the stereoselectivity of the lithiation/electrophile trapping sequence. Calculations helped in supporting experimental observations, concerning structure and reactivity of these azetidine-borane complexes. Data suggest that the BH3 group could promote the lithiation reaction likely by an electrostatic complex induced proximity effect. Interestingly, a new synthetic strategy for the synthesis of N-alkyl-2,2-disubstituted azetidines has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Andresini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Sonia De Angelis
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Antonella Uricchio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Angelica Visaggio
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Ciriaco
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Nicola Corriero
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR , Via Amendola 122/O , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences , University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4 , Bari 70125 , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tayama E, Watanabe K, Sotome S. Structural and mechanistic studies of the base-induced Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement of N-α-branched benzylic azetidine-2-carboxylic acid-derived ammonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6668-6678. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The base-induced Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement of N-α-branched benzylic azetidine-2-carboxylic acid ester-derived ammonium salts was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Tayama
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Niigata University
- Niigata 950-2181
- Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Niigata University
- Niigata 950-2181
- Japan
| | - Sho Sotome
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Niigata University
- Niigata 950-2181
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antermite D, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Recent advances in the chemistry of metallated azetidines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:34-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The almost unexplored four-membered azetidines represent a particularly interesting class of molecules, among the family of saturated nitrogen heterocycles. This review reports recent developments in direct metal-based functionalization of the azetidine ring, focusing on the regio- and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Antermite
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | | | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tayama E, Watanabe K, Matano Y. Ring-Strain Effects in Base-Induced Sommelet-Hauser Rearrangement: Application to Successive Stereocontrolled Transformations. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Tayama
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Niigata University; 950-2181 Niigata Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Niigata University; 950-2181 Niigata Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matano
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Niigata University; 950-2181 Niigata Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mita T, Sugawara M, Sato Y. One-Pot Synthesis of α-Amino Acids through Carboxylation of Ammonium Ylides with CO2 Followed by Alkyl Migration. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5236-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Mita
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masumi Sugawara
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dowling MS, Fernando DP, Hou J, Liu B, Smith AC. Two Scalable Syntheses of (S)-2-Methylazetidine. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3031-6. [PMID: 26895201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two orthogonal routes for preparing (S)-2-methylazetidine as a bench stable, crystalline (R)-(-)-CSA salt are presented. One route features the in situ generation and cyclization of a 1,3-bis-triflate to form the azetidine ring, while the second route involves chemoselective reduction of N-Boc azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. Both sequences afford the desired product in good overall yields (61% and 49%) and high enantiomeric excess (>99% ee), avoid column chromatography, and are suitable for the large-scale production of this material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Dowling
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie P Fernando
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jie Hou
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bo Liu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Aaron C Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quinodoz P, Drouillat B, Wright K, Marrot J, Couty F. N-Arylazetidines: Preparation through Anionic Ring Closure. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2899-910. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Quinodoz
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles,
UMR 8180. Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, 45, Avenue des Etats-Unis, Versailles 78035 Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Drouillat
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles,
UMR 8180. Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, 45, Avenue des Etats-Unis, Versailles 78035 Cedex, France
| | - Karen Wright
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles,
UMR 8180. Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, 45, Avenue des Etats-Unis, Versailles 78035 Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles,
UMR 8180. Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, 45, Avenue des Etats-Unis, Versailles 78035 Cedex, France
| | - François Couty
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles,
UMR 8180. Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, 45, Avenue des Etats-Unis, Versailles 78035 Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tayama E. Ring-Substitution, Enlargement, and Contraction by Base-Induced Rearrangements of N-Heterocyclic Ammonium Salts. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-16-837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Roy T, Baviskar DR, Biju AT. Synthesis of N-Aryl β-Amino Alcohols by Trifluoroacetic Acid Promoted Multicomponent Coupling of Aziridines, Arynes, and Water. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11131-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Roy
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar R. Baviskar
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India
| | - Akkattu T. Biju
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Recent Advances in the Base-Induced Sommelet-Hauser Rearrangement of Amino Acid Derived Ammonium Ylides. CHEM REC 2015; 15:789-800. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|