1
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Maji S, Ghotekar BK, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis of a Conjugation-Ready Tetrasaccharide Repeating Unit of Vibrio cholerae O:3 O-antigen Polysaccharide. Org Lett 2024; 26:745-750. [PMID: 38198674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first total synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of Vibrio cholerae O:3 O-antigen polysaccharide. The highly complex tetrasaccharide contains rare amino sugars such as d-bacillosamine and l-fucosamine, highly labile sugar ascarylose, and higher carbon sugar d-d-heptose. Stereoselective glycosylation of the notoriously reactive ascarylose with d-d-heptose, poor nucleophilicity of the axial C4-OH of l-fucosamine, and amide coupling are the key challenges encountered in the total synthesis, which was completed via a longest linear sequence of 23 steps in 4.2% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyakanta Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Balasaheb K Ghotekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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2
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Kumar N, Yadav M, Kashyap S. Reagent-controlled chemo/stereoselective glycosylation of ʟ-fucal to access rare deoxysugars. Carbohydr Res 2024; 535:108992. [PMID: 38091695 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
2,6-Dideoxy sugars constitute an important class of anticancer antibiotics natural products and serve as essential medicinal tools for carbohydrate-based drug discovery and vaccine development. In particular, 2-deoxy ʟ-fucose or ʟ-oliose is a rare sugar and vital structural motif of several potent antifungal and immunosuppressive bioactive molecules. Herein, we devised a reagent-controlled stereo and chemoselective activation of ʟ-fucal, enabling the distinctive glycosylation pathways to access the rare ʟ-oliose and 2,3-unsaturated ʟ-fucoside. The milder oxo-philic Bi(OTf)3 catalyst induced the direct 1,2-addition predominantly, whereas B(C6F5)3 promoted the allylic Ferrier-rearrangement of the enol-ether moiety in ʟ-fucal glycal donor, distinguishing the competitive mechanisms. The reagent-tunable modular approach is highly advantageous, employing greener catalysts and atom-economical transformations, expensive ligand/additive-free, and probed for a diverse range of substrates comprising monosaccharides, amino-acids, bioactive natural products, and drug scaffolds embedded with susceptible or labile functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNITJ), Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Monika Yadav
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNITJ), Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Sudhir Kashyap
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur (MNITJ), Jaipur, 302017, India.
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3
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Mukherji A, Rotta MKV, Sarmah BK, Kancharla PK. Influence of Various Silyl Protecting Groups on Stereoselective 2-Deoxyrhamnosylation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:245-260. [PMID: 36524596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of various silyl protecting groups on 2-deoxyrhamnosylation using 2-deoxyrhamnosyl acetates, thioglycosides, and (p-methoxyphenyl)vinylbenzoate (PMPVB) donors has been presented. C-Glycosylation reactions reveal that tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), and tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) silyl protected rhamnosyl oxocarbenium ions have no facial selectivity except for the conformationally (4H3) locked tetraisopropyldisiloxane (TIPDS) protected rhamnose donor, which provides complete α-selectivity. However, TBDPS protected rhamnosyl donors are found to be superior protecting groups for α-stereoselective O-glycosylation reactions with various acceptors. The observed results are found consistent across donors and donor activation conditions. Most importantly, the study was conducted at room temperature unlike the other energy-intensive low-temperature studies and was bound to have more practical utility. The outcomes have been explained using kinetic and thermodynamic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Mukherji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Mahendra K V Rotta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Bikash K Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Pavan K Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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4
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Nielsen MM, Holmstrøm T, Pedersen CM. Stereoselective
O
‐Glycosylations by Pyrylium Salt Organocatalysis**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen O Denmark
| | - Thomas Holmstrøm
- University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen O Denmark
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5
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Bennett CS. Evolution of a Reagent-Controlled Strategy for β-Selective C-Glycoside Synthesis. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1755-3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
C-alkyl glycosides represent an attractive class of non-hydrolyzable carbohydrate mimetics which possess enormous potential as next-generation therapeutics. Methods for the direct stereoselective synthesis of C-alkyl glycosides with a broad substrate tolerance are limited, however. This is especially in the case of β-linked C-alkyl glycosides, where direct methods for synthesis from commonly available coupling partners remain limited. This account describes the evolution of our laboratory’s studies on glycosyl sulfonate chemistry from a method for the construction of simple β-linked 2-deoxy-sugars to a technology for the direct synthesis of β-linked acyl and homoacyl glycosides that can be elaborated into more complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, United States
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6
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Mizia JC, Syed MU, Bennett CS. Synthesis of the α-Linked Digitoxose Trisaccharide Fragment of Kijanimicin: An Unexpected Application of Glycosyl Sulfonates. Org Lett 2022; 24:731-735. [PMID: 35005969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that glycosyl tosylates are effective for the synthesis of β-glycosides of gluco-configured 2-deoxy sugars. Here, we show the same sulfonate system can be used for the selective synthesis of α-glycosides containing the allo-configured 2-deoxy sugar digitoxose. As with previous work, optimal selectivity is obtained through matching the donor with the appropriate arylsulfonyl chloride promoter. The utility of this method is demonstrated through the synthesis of the α-linked digitoxose trisaccharide fragment of kijanimicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colin Mizia
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Mohammed U Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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7
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Nielsen MM, Holmstrøm T, Pedersen CM. Stereoselective O-Glycosylations by Pyrylium Salt Organocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115394. [PMID: 34847269 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite many years of invention, the field of carbohydrate chemistry remains rather inaccessible to non-specialists, which limits the scientific impact and reach of the discoveries made in the field. Aiming to increase the availability of stereoselective glycosylation chemistry for non-specialists, we have discovered that several commercially available pyrylium salts catalyze stereoselective O-glycosylations of a wide range of phenols and alkyl alcohols. This catalytic reaction utilizes trichloroacetimidates, an easily accessible and synthetically proven electrophile, takes place under air and only initiates when all three reagents are mixed, which should provide better reproducibility by non-specialists. The reaction exhibits varying degrees of stereospecificity, resulting in β-selective glycosylations from α-trichloroacetimidates, whilst an α-selective glycosylation proceeds from β-trichloroacetimidates. A mechanistic study revealed that the reaction likely proceeds via an SN 2-like substitution on the protonated electrophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Thomas Holmstrøm
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Christian Marcus Pedersen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen O, Denmark
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8
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Bennett CS. Glycosyl Sulfonates Beyond Triflates. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3102-3111. [PMID: 34142755 PMCID: PMC10923190 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
While glycosyl triflates are frequently invoked as intermediates in many chemical glycosylation reactions, the chemistry of other glycosyl sulfonates remains comparatively underexplored. Given the reactivity of sulfonates can span several orders of magnitude, this represents an untapped resource for the development of stereoselective glycosylation reactions. This personal account describes our laboratories efforts to take advantage of this reactivity to develop β-specific glycosylation reactions. Initial investigations led to the development of 2-deoxy-sugar tosylates as highly selective donors for β-glycoside synthesis, an approach which has been used to great success by our group and others for the construction of deoxy-sugar oligosaccharides and natural products. Subsequent studies demonstrate that "matching" the reactivity of the sulfonate to that of the sugar donor leads to highly selective SN 2-glycosylations with a range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., 02155, Medford, MA, USA
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9
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Meng S, Li X, Zhu J. Recent advances in direct synthesis of 2-deoxy glycosides and thioglycosides. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Cai L, Meng L, Zeng J, Wan Q. Sequential activation of thioglycosides enables one-pot glycosylation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent developments in relative reactivity value (RRV) controlled sequential glycosylation, pre-activation based iterative glycosylation, and sulfoxide activation initiated one-pot glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Lingkui Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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11
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Wang L, Berni F, Enotarpi J, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel G, Codée JDC. Reagent controlled stereoselective synthesis of teichoic acid α-(1,2)-glucans. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2038-2050. [PMID: 32141465 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective construction of 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages is key in the assembly of biologically relevant glycans, but remains a synthetic challenge. Reagent-controlled glycosylation methodologies, in which external nucleophiles are employed to modulate the reactivity of the glycosylation system, have become powerful means for the construction of 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages. Here we establish that nucleophilic additives can support the construction of α-1,2-glucans, and apply our findings in the construction of a d-alanine kojibiose functionalized glycerol phosphate teichoic acid fragment. This latter molecule can be found in the cell wall of the opportunistic Gram-positive bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis and represents a structural element that can possibly be used in the development of therapeutic vaccines and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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12
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Chang CW, Lin MH, Wu CH, Chiang TY, Wang CC. Mapping Mechanisms in Glycosylation Reactions with Donor Reactivity: Avoiding Generation of Side Products. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15945-15963. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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13
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Kumar M, Reddy TR, Gurawa A, Kashyap S. Copper(ii)-catalyzed stereoselective 1,2-addition vs. Ferrier glycosylation of "armed" and "disarmed" glycal donors. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4848-4862. [PMID: 32608448 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective activation of "armed' and ''disarmed" glycal donors enabling the stereo-controlled glycosylations by employing Cu(ii)-catalyst as the promoter has been realized. The distinctive stereochemical outcome in the process is mainly influenced by the presence of diverse protecting groups on the donor and the solvent system employed. The protocol is compatible with a variety of aglycones including carbohydrates, amino acids, and natural products to access deoxy-glycosides and glycoconjugates with high α-anomeric selectivity. Notably, the synthetic practicality of the method is amply verified for the stereoselective assembling of trisaccharides comprising 2-deoxy components. Mechanistic studies involving deuterated experiments validate the syn-diastereoselective 1,2-addition of acceptors on the double bond of armed donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur-302017, India.
| | - Thurpu Raghavender Reddy
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur-302017, India.
| | - Aakanksha Gurawa
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur-302017, India.
| | - Sudhir Kashyap
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Research Laboratory (CCRL), Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur-302017, India.
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14
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Romeo JR, McDermott L, Bennett CS. Reagent-Controlled α-Selective Dehydrative Glycosylation of 2,6-Dideoxy Sugars: Construction of the Arugomycin Tetrasaccharide. Org Lett 2020; 22:3649-3654. [PMID: 32281384 PMCID: PMC7239334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of the tetrasaccharide fragment of the anthracycline natural product Arugomycin is described. A reagent controlled dehydrative glycosylation method involving cyclopropenium activation was utilized to synthesize the α-linkages with complete anomeric selectivity. The synthesis was completed in 20 total steps, and in 2.5% overall yield with a longest linear sequence of 15 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Romeo
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Luca McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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15
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Chang C, Wu C, Lin M, Liao P, Chang C, Chuang H, Lin S, Lam S, Verma VP, Hsu C, Wang C. Establishment of Guidelines for the Control of Glycosylation Reactions and Intermediates by Quantitative Assessment of Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Wei Chang
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Hui Wu
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Mei‐Huei Lin
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | | | | | - Hsiao‐Han Chuang
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan
- Nanoscience and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica and National Taiwan University Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Su‐Ching Lin
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Sarah Lam
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | | | - Chao‐Ping Hsu
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Chung Wang
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
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16
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Chang C, Wu C, Lin M, Liao P, Chang C, Chuang H, Lin S, Lam S, Verma VP, Hsu C, Wang C. Establishment of Guidelines for the Control of Glycosylation Reactions and Intermediates by Quantitative Assessment of Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16775-16779. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Wei Chang
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Hui Wu
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Mei‐Huei Lin
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | | | | | - Hsiao‐Han Chuang
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan University Taipei 106 Taiwan
- Nanoscience and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica and National Taiwan University Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Su‐Ching Lin
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Sarah Lam
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | | | - Chao‐Ping Hsu
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Chung Wang
- Institute of ChemistryAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
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17
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Zhuo MH, Wilbur DJ, Kwan EE, Bennett CS. Matching Glycosyl Donor Reactivity to Sulfonate Leaving Group Ability Permits S N2 Glycosylations. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16743-16754. [PMID: 31550879 PMCID: PMC6814073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that highly β-selective glycosylation reactions can be achieved when the electronics of a sulfonyl chloride activator and the reactivity of a glycosyl donor hemiacetal are matched. While these reactions are compatible with the acid- and base-sensitive protecting groups that are commonly used in oligosaccharide synthesis, these protecting groups are not relied upon to control selectivity. Instead, β-selectivity arises from the stereoinversion of an α-glycosyl arylsulfonate in an SN2-like mechanism. Our mechanistic proposal is supported by NMR studies, kinetic isotope effect (KIE) measurements, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Zhuo
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - David J Wilbur
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Eugene E Kwan
- Merck & Co. Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
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18
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Mizia JC, Bennett CS. Reagent Controlled Direct Dehydrative Glycosylation with 2-Deoxy Sugars: Construction of the Saquayamycin Z Pentasaccharide. Org Lett 2019; 21:5922-5927. [PMID: 31305082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of the pentasaccharide fragment of the angucycline antibiotic saquayamycin Z is described. By using our sulfonyl chloride mediated reagent controlled dehydrative glycosylation, we are able to assemble the glycosidic linkages with high levels of anomeric selectivity. The total synthesis was completed in 25 total steps, and in 2.5% overall yield with a longest linear sequence of 15 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colin Mizia
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry , Tufts University , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
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19
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Wei R, Liu H, Tang AH, Payne RJ, Li X. A Solution to Chemical Pseudaminylation via a Bimodal Glycosyl Donor for Highly Stereocontrolled α- and β-Glycosylation. Org Lett 2019; 21:3584-3588. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Arthur H. Tang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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20
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Abstract
Deoxy-sugars often play a critical role in modulating the potency of many bioactive natural products. Accordingly, there has been sustained interest in methods for their synthesis over the past several decades. The focus of much of this work has been on developing new glycosylation reactions that permit the mild and selective construction of deoxyglycosides. This Review covers classical approaches to deoxyglycoside synthesis, as well as more recently developed chemistry that aims to control the selectivity of the reaction through rational design of the promoter. Where relevant, the application of this chemistry to natural product synthesis will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay S. Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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21
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Kulkarni SS, Wang CC, Sabbavarapu NM, Podilapu AR, Liao PH, Hung SC. "One-Pot" Protection, Glycosylation, and Protection-Glycosylation Strategies of Carbohydrates. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8025-8104. [PMID: 29870239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates, which are ubiquitously distributed throughout the three domains of life, play significant roles in a variety of vital biological processes. Access to unique and homogeneous carbohydrate materials is important to understand their physical properties, biological functions, and disease-related features. It is difficult to isolate carbohydrates in acceptable purity and amounts from natural sources. Therefore, complex saccharides with well-defined structures are often most conviently accessed through chemical syntheses. Two major hurdles, regioselective protection and stereoselective glycosylation, are faced by carbohydrate chemists in synthesizing these highly complicated molecules. Over the past few years, there has been a radical change in tackling these problems and speeding up the synthesis of oligosaccharides. This is largely due to the development of one-pot protection, one-pot glycosylation, and one-pot protection-glycosylation protocols and streamlined approaches to orthogonally protected building blocks, including those from rare sugars, that can be used in glycan coupling. In addition, new automated strategies for oligosaccharide syntheses have been reported not only for program-controlled assembly on solid support but also by the stepwise glycosylation in solution phase. As a result, various sugar molecules with highly complex, large structures could be successfully synthesized. To summarize these recent advances, this review describes the methodologies for one-pot protection and their one-pot glycosylation into the complex glycans and the chronological developments associated with automated syntheses of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | | | | | - Ananda Rao Podilapu
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Pin-Hsuan Liao
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
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Yang G, Luo X, Guo H, Wang Q, Zhou J, Huang T, Tang J, Shan J, Zhang J. α-Selective synthesis of 2-deoxy-glycosides and disaccharides. J Carbohydr Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1439498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosheng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingbing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Zeng J, Xu Y, Wang H, Meng L, Wan Q. Recent progress on the synthesis of 2-deoxy glycosides. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-9010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Zeng J, Sun G, Yao W, Zhu Y, Wang R, Cai L, Liu K, Zhang Q, Liu XW, Wan Q. 3-Aminodeoxypyranoses in Glycosylation: Diversity-Oriented Synthesis and Assembly in Oligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5227-5231. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Guangfei Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Wang Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Yangbin Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Ruobin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Lei Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Ke Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
- Institute of Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; China
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25
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Zeng J, Sun G, Yao W, Zhu Y, Wang R, Cai L, Liu K, Zhang Q, Liu XW, Wan Q. 3-Aminodeoxypyranoses in Glycosylation: Diversity-Oriented Synthesis and Assembly in Oligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Guangfei Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Wang Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Yangbin Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Ruobin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Lei Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Ke Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation; School of Pharmacy; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
- Institute of Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; China
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26
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Palo-Nieto C, Sau A, Williams R, Galan MC. Cooperative Brønsted Acid-Type Organocatalysis for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Deoxyglycosides. J Org Chem 2016; 82:407-414. [PMID: 28004941 PMCID: PMC5309864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A practical approach for the α-stereoselective synthesis of deoxyglycosides using cooperative Brønsted acid-type organocatalysis has been developed. The method is tolerant of a wide range of glycoside donors and acceptors, and its versatility is exemplified in the one-pot synthesis of a trisaccharide. Mechanistic studies suggest that thiourea-induced acid amplification of the chiral acid via H-bonding is key for the enhancement in reaction rate and yield, while stereocontrol is dependent on the chirality of the acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Palo-Nieto
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Abhijit Sau
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Williams
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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27
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Qiu S, Zhang W, Sun G, Wang Z, Zhang J. A Facile and Direct Glycosidation Method for the Synthesis of 2-Deoxy α-Rhamnosides Catalyzed by Ferric Chloride. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saifeng Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 P.R. China
| | - Wan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 P.R. China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- School of Life Sciences; Northwestern University; Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069 P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 P.R. China
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28
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Hsu MY, Liu YP, Lam S, Lin SC, Wang CC. TMSBr-mediated solvent- and work-up-free synthesis of α-2-deoxyglycosides from glycals. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1758-64. [PMID: 27559420 PMCID: PMC4979735 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The thio-additions of glycals were efficiently promoted by a stoichiometric amount of trimethylsilyl bromide (TMSBr) to produce S-2-deoxyglycosides under solvent-free conditions in good to excellent yields. In addition, with triphenylphosphine oxide as an additive, the TMSBr-mediated direct glycosylations of glycals with a large range of alcohols were highly α-selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yuan Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pei Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Sarah Lam
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ching Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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29
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Nogueira JM, Bylsma M, Bright DK, Bennett CS. Reagent‐Controlled α‐Selective Dehydrative Glycosylation of 2,6‐Dideoxy‐ and 2,3,6‐Trideoxy Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10088-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Marissa Bylsma
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Danielle K. Bright
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
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30
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Nogueira JM, Bylsma M, Bright DK, Bennett CS. Reagent‐Controlled α‐Selective Dehydrative Glycosylation of 2,6‐Dideoxy‐ and 2,3,6‐Trideoxy Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Marissa Bylsma
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Danielle K. Bright
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA 02155 USA
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31
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Song W, Zhao Y, Lynch JC, Kim H, Tang W. Divergent de novo synthesis of all eight stereoisomers of 2,3,6-trideoxyhexopyranosides and their oligomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17475-8. [PMID: 26477956 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07787g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
All eight possible stereoisomers of 2,3,6-trideoxyhexopyranosides are prepared systematically from furan derivatives by a sequence of Achmatowicz rearrangement, Pd-catalysed glycosidation, and chiral catalyst-controlled tandem reductions. This sequence provides access to all possible stereoisomers of naturally occurring rhodinopyranosides, amicetopyranosides, disaccharide narbosine B, and other unnatural oligomeric 2,3,6-trideoxyhexopyranosides. It comprises a unique and systematic strategy for the de novo synthesis of deoxysugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangze Song
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA.
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32
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Frihed TG, Bols M, Pedersen CM. Mechanisms of Glycosylation Reactions Studied by Low-Temperature Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4963-5013. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500434x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Zulueta MML, Janreddy D, Hung SC. One-Pot Methods for the Protection and Assembly of Sugars. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Lim W, Kim J, Rhee YH. Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Intermolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Allene: An Entry to Cyclic Acetals with Activating Group-Free and Flexible Anomeric Control. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13618-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508587f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wontaeck Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja-dong San 31, Pohang, Kyungbook, Republic of Korea 790-784
| | - Jungjoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja-dong San 31, Pohang, Kyungbook, Republic of Korea 790-784
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja-dong San 31, Pohang, Kyungbook, Republic of Korea 790-784
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