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Tyurin VS, Shkirdova AO, Koifman OI, Zamilatskov IA. Meso-Formyl, Vinyl, and Ethynyl Porphyrins-Multipotent Synthons for Obtaining a Diverse Array of Functional Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:5782. [PMID: 37570752 PMCID: PMC10421532 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents a strategy for obtaining various functional derivatives of tetrapyrrole compounds based on transformations of unsaturated carbon-oxygen and carbon-carbon bonds of the substituents at the meso position (meso-formyl, vinyl, and ethynyl porphyrins). First, synthetic approaches to the preparation of these precursors are described. Then diverse pathways for the transformations of the multipotent synthons are discussed, revealing a variety of products of such reactions. The structures, electronic, and optical properties of the compounds obtained by the methods under consideration are analyzed. In addition, there is an overview of the applications of the products obtained. Biomedical use of the compounds is among the most important. Finally, the advantages of using the reviewed synthetic strategy to obtain dyes with targeted properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S. Tyurin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena O. Shkirdova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oscar I. Koifman
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia;
| | - Ilya A. Zamilatskov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Kato K, Furukawa K, Osuka A. A Stable Trimethylenemethane Triplet Diradical Based on a Trimeric Porphyrin Fused π-System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Kato K, Furukawa K, Osuka A. A Stable Trimethylenemethane Triplet Diradical Based on a Trimeric Porphyrin Fused π-System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9491-9494. [PMID: 29858542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylenemethane (TMM) diradical is the simplest non-Kekulé non-disjoint molecule with the triplet ground state (ΔEST =+16.1 kcal mol-1 ) and is extremely reactive. It is a challenge to design and synthesize a stable TMM diradical with key properties, such as actual aliphatic TMM diradical centers and the triplet ground state with a large positive ΔEST value, since such species provide detailed information on the electronic structure of TMM diradical. Herein we report a TMM derivative, in which the TMM segment is fused with three NiII meso-triarylporphyrins, that satisfies the above criteria. The diradical shows delocalized spin density on the propeller-like porphyrin π-network and the triplet ground state owing to the strong ferromagnetic interaction. Despite the apparent TMM structure, the diradical can be handled under ambient conditions and can be stored for months in the solid state, thus allowing its X-ray diffraction structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Bernhard SSR, Locke GM, Plunkett S, Meindl A, Flanagan KJ, Senge MO. Cubane Cross-Coupling and Cubane-Porphyrin Arrays. Chemistry 2017; 24:1026-1030. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan S. R. Bernhard
- School of Chemistry; SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Gemma M. Locke
- School of Chemistry; SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Shane Plunkett
- School of Chemistry; SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Alina Meindl
- School of Chemistry; SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- School of Chemistry; SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry; SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory; Trinity College Dublin; The University of Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; 152-160 Pearse Street Dublin 2 Ireland
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Higashino T, Ohashi Y, Imahori H. Synthesis of Partially meso-Free 2,3-Di(arylethynyl)porphyrins. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Yuta Ohashi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510
- Institute of Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
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Fukui N, Kim T, Kim D, Osuka A. Porphyrin Arch-Tapes: Synthesis, Contorted Structures, and Full Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [PMID: 28622724 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrin tapes possessing meso-meso β-β β-β triple direct linkages have been targets of extensive studies because of their fully conjugated characteristic π-electronic networks. In this paper, we report porphyrin arch-tapes that bear additional carbonyl group(s) or methylene group(s) inserted between one of the β-β linkage(s) of the porphyrin tapes. The carbonyl-inserted porphyrin arch-tapes were efficiently synthesized by double fusion reactions of β-to-β carbonyl-bridged porphyrin oligomers with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3, and were converted to the methylene-bridged porphyrin arch-tapes via Luche reduction with NaBH4 and CeCl3 followed by ionic hydrogenation with HBF4·OEt2 and BH3·NEt3. While the conventional porphyrin tapes display rigid and planar structures and low solubilities, these porphyrin arch-tapes show remarkably contorted structures, flexible conformations, and improved solubilities because of the presence of the incorporated seven-membered ring(s). Interestingly, the methylene-inserted arch-tapes exhibited conjugative electronic interactions that were comparable to those of porphyrin tapes probably owing to through-space interaction in the contorted conformations. The carbonyl-inserted arch-tapes displayed distinctly larger conjugative interactions owing to an active involvement of the carbonyl group(s) in the electronic conjugation. A similar trend was observed in the nonlinear optical properties, as evidenced by their two-photon absorption cross sections. Furthermore, as a benefit of the contorted structures, these porphyrin arch-tapes can catch C60 fullerene effectively. Naturally, the electron-rich methylene-bridged arch-tapes exhibited larger association constants than the electron-deficient carbonyl-bridged arch-tapes. Among these arch-tapes, a methylene-bridged syn-Ni(II) porphyrin trimer recorded the largest association constant of (1.5 ± 0.4) × 107 M-1 in toluene at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Fukui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Hiroto S, Miyake Y, Shinokubo H. Synthesis and Functionalization of Porphyrins through Organometallic Methodologies. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2910-3043. [PMID: 27709907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the postfunctionalization of porphyrins and related compounds through catalytic and stoichiometric organometallic methodologies. The employment of organometallic reactions has become common in porphyrin synthesis. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are now standard techniques for constructing carbon-carbon bonds in porphyrin synthesis. In addition, iridium- or palladium-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization of porphyrins is emerging as an efficient way to install various substituents onto porphyrins. Furthermore, the copper-mediated Huisgen cycloaddition reaction has become a frequent strategy to incorporate porphyrin units into functional molecules. The use of these organometallic techniques, along with the traditional porphyrin synthesis, now allows chemists to construct a wide range of highly elaborated and complex porphyrin architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Hideki Yorimitsu. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Hideki Yorimitsu. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Sugita N, Hayashi S, Shibata M, Endo T, Noji M, Takatori K, Takanami T. Regioselective β-silylation of porphyrins via iridium-catalyzed C–H bond activation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10189-10192. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02243j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach to meso-unsubstituted β-silylporphyrins was developed through highly regioselective Ir-catalyzed C–H activation, in the presence of HSiMe(OSiMe3)2 as the Si source, from meso-unsubstituted porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taiga Endo
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University
- Kiyose
- Japan
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12
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Kato K, Fujimoto K, Yorimitsu H, Osuka A. Peripherally Silylated Porphyrins. Chemistry 2015; 21:13522-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Fujimoto K, Yorimitsu H, Osuka A. Porphyrinylboranes Synthesized via Porphyrinyllithiums. Chemistry 2015; 21:11311-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku Kyoto 606‐8502 (Japan)
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku Kyoto 606‐8502 (Japan)
- ACT‐C Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sakyo‐ku Kyoto 606‐8502 (Japan)
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku Kyoto 606‐8502 (Japan)
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14
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Fukui N, Yorimitsu H, Osuka A. meso,β-Oligohaloporphyrins as Useful Synthetic Intermediates of Diphenylamine-Fused Porphyrin and meso-to-meso β-to-β Doubly Butadiyne-Bridged Diporphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6311-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Fukui N, Yorimitsu H, Osuka A. meso,β-Oligohaloporphyrins as Useful Synthetic Intermediates of Diphenylamine-Fused Porphyrin and meso-to-meso β-to-β Doubly Butadiyne-Bridged Diporphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Huo S, Mroz R, Carroll J. Negishi coupling in the synthesis of advanced electronic, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic materials. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Negishi coupling is an efficient and versatile tool for selective C–C bond formation in the synthesis of organic electronic, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouquan Huo
- Department of Chemistry
- East Carolina University
- Greenville
- USA
| | - Robert Mroz
- Department of Chemistry
- East Carolina University
- Greenville
- USA
| | - Jeffrey Carroll
- Department of Chemistry
- East Carolina University
- Greenville
- USA
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Li-Yuan Bao R, Zhao R, Shi L. Progress and developments in the turbo Grignard reagent i-PrMgCl·LiCl: a ten-year journey. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6884-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural and kinetic perspectives of i-PrMgCl·LiCl help to rationalize the trends of its unique reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Li-Yuan Bao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
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