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Maguire S, Strachan G, Norvaiša K, Donohoe C, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Senge MO. Porphyrin Atropisomerism as a Molecular Engineering Tool in Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Recognition, Supramolecular Assembly, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401559. [PMID: 38787350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin atropisomerism, which arises from restricted σ-bond rotation between the macrocycle and a sufficiently bulky substituent, was identified in 1969 by Gottwald and Ullman in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(o-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins. Henceforth, an entirely new field has emerged utilizing this transformative tool. This review strives to explain the consequences of atropisomerism in porphyrins, the methods which have been developed for their separation and analysis and present the diverse array of applications. Porphyrins alone possess intriguing properties and a structure which can be easily decorated and molded for a specific function. Therefore, atropisomerism serves as a transformative tool, making it possible to obtain even a specific molecular shape. Atropisomerism has been thoroughly exploited in catalysis and molecular recognition yet presents both challenges and opportunities in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Grant Strachan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Karolis Norvaiša
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
| | - Claire Donohoe
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | | | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, D02R590, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg Str. 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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2
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Shapoval O, Větvička D, Patsula V, Engstová H, Kočková O, Konefał M, Kabešová M, Horák D. Temoporfin-Conjugated Upconversion Nanoparticles for NIR-Induced Photodynamic Therapy: Studies with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2694. [PMID: 38140035 PMCID: PMC10748036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles are interesting materials that have the potential for use in many applications ranging from solar energy harvesting to biosensing, light-triggered drug delivery, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). One of the main requirements for the particles is their surface modification, in our case using poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PMVEMA) and temoporfin (THPC) photosensitizer to ensure the colloidal and chemical stability of the particles in aqueous media and the formation of singlet oxygen after NIR irradiation, respectively. Codoping of Fe2+, Yb3+, and Er3+ ions in the NaYF4 host induced upconversion emission of particles in the red region, which is dominant for achieving direct excitation of THPC. Novel monodisperse PMVEMA-coated upconversion NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+,Fe2+ nanoparticles (UCNPs) with chemically bonded THPC were found to efficiently transfer energy and generate singlet oxygen. The cytotoxicity of the UCNPs was determined in the human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines Capan-2, PANC-01, and PA-TU-8902. In vitro data demonstrated enhanced uptake of UCNP@PMVEMA-THPC particles by rat INS-1E insulinoma cells, followed by significant cell destruction after excitation with a 980 nm laser. Intratumoral administration of these nanoconjugates into a mouse model of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma caused extensive necrosis at the tumor site, followed by tumor suppression after NIR-induced PDT. In vitro and in vivo results thus suggest that this nanoconjugate is a promising candidate for NIR-induced PDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Shapoval
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Větvička
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vitalii Patsula
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Engstová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Kočková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kabešová
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Gierlich P, Mucha SG, Robbins E, Gomes‐da‐Silva LC, Matczyszyn K, Senge MO. One‐Photon and Two‐Photon Photophysical Properties of Tetrafunctionalized 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(
m‐
hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (
Temoporfin
) Derivatives as Potential Two‐Photon‐Induced Photodynamic Therapy Agents. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gierlich
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity Centre for Health Sciences Trinity College Dublin The University of Dublin St James's Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center Department of Chemistry University of Coimbra 3000-435 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sebastian G. Mucha
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), UMR5221 University of Montpellier CNRS 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Emma Robbins
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group Faculty of Chemistry Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université de Limoges, PEIRENE, EA 7500 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX 87060 Limoges France
| | - Lígia C. Gomes‐da‐Silva
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center Department of Chemistry University of Coimbra 3000-435 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group Faculty of Chemistry Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS) Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 2a 85748 Garching Germany
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Ravikumar M, Farley C, Drain C, Baby Mariyatra M, Mothi E. 1,3–diyne bridged porphyrin dimers via Cu-catalysis: Synthesis, optical properties and application in fullerene binding. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hasanin MS, Abdelraof M, Fikry M, Shaker YM, Sweed AMK, Senge MO. Development of Antimicrobial Laser-Induced Photodynamic Therapy Based on Ethylcellulose/Chitosan Nanocomposite with 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis( m-Hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123551. [PMID: 34200763 PMCID: PMC8230394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new antimicrobial strategies that act more efficiently than traditional antibiotics is becoming a necessity to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. Here we report the efficacy of laser-light-irradiated 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(m-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (mTHPP) loaded onto an ethylcellulose (EC)/chitosan (Chs) nanocomposite in eradicating multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Surface loading of the ethylcelllose/chitosan composite with mTHPP was carried out and the resulting nanocomposite was fully characterized. The results indicate that the prepared nanocomposite incorporates mTHPP inside, and that the composite acquired an overall positive charge. The incorporation of mTHPP into the nanocomposite enhanced the photo- and thermal stability. Different laser wavelengths (458; 476; 488; 515; 635 nm), powers (5-70 mW), and exposure times (15-45 min) were investigated in the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) experiments, with the best inhibition observed using 635 nm with the mTHPP EC/Chs nanocomposite for C. albicans (59 ± 0.21%), P. aeruginosa (71.7 ± 1.72%), and S. aureus (74.2 ± 1.26%) with illumination of only 15 min. Utilization of higher doses (70 mW) for longer periods achieved more eradication of microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Hasanin
- Cellulose & Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Abdelraof
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (M.O.S.); Tel.: +353-1-896-8537 (M.O.S.)
| | - Mohamed Fikry
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza P.O. 12613, Egypt;
| | - Yasser M. Shaker
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.S.); (A.M.K.S.)
| | - Ayman M. K. Sweed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.S.); (A.M.K.S.)
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (M.O.S.); Tel.: +353-1-896-8537 (M.O.S.)
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Sweed AMK, Senge MO, Atta SMS, Farrag DS, Abdel-Rahman ARH, Shaker YM. Synthesis of amphiphilic meso-tetrasubstituted porphyrin-L-amino acid and -heterocyclic conjugates based on m-THPP. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two series of amphiphilic meso-tetrasubstituted porphyrin conjugates based on 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin ([Formula: see text]-THPP) covalently linked to L-amino acids and heterocycles were synthesized efficiently in the context of a program targeting new photosensitizers for PDT. 5,10,15-Tris(3-hydroxyphenyl)-20-(3-oxyacetic acid)phenyl]porphyrin and the respective trihexyl ether derivatives were conjugated with polar and non-polar natural L-amino acids such as glycine, L-proline, and L-tyrosine via an amide bond linker using [Formula: see text]-tetramethyl-[Formula: see text]-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexafluorophosphate in diisopropylethylamine (HBTU/DIPEA). [Formula: see text]-THPP was also conjugated with heterocyclic systems such as indole 3-acetic acid, 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid, and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid via ester linker using [Formula: see text]-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-[Formula: see text]-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride in [Formula: see text]-hydroxysuccinamide or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (EDCI, NHS or HOBt). The members of the two series were obtained in good yields and characterized by UV-vis, HRMS MALDI-TOF, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M. K. Sweed
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of the Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sanaa M. Sh. Atta
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of the Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia S. Farrag
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of the Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Yasser M. Shaker
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, Department of the Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
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Zwoliński KM, Sieroń L, Eilmes J. One-flask synthesis of dibenzotetraaza[14]annulene cyclic congeners bearing buta-1,3-diyne bridges. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glaser–Hay and Glaser–Eglinton coupling conditions were applied to the direct synthesis of a cyclic strapped ligand and its corresponding dimer in 44% and 30% yields respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Zwoliński
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Krakow
- Poland
| | - L. Sieroń
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Lodz
- Poland
| | - J. Eilmes
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Krakow
- Poland
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Schoepff L, Kocher L, Durot S, Heitz V. Chemically Induced Breathing of Flexible Porphyrinic Covalent Cages. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5845-5851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Schoepff
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de
Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue
Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Lucas Kocher
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de
Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue
Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Stéphanie Durot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de
Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue
Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de
Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue
Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000, France
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9
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O. Senge M, Meindl A, A. Ryan A, J. Flanagan K. Synthesis of Long-Wavelength Absorbing Porphyrin m-Benzoic Acids as Molecular Tectons for Surface Studies. HETEROCYCLES 2017. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Moylan C, Sweed AM, Shaker YM, Scanlan EM, Senge MO. Lead structures for applications in photodynamic therapy 7. Efficient synthesis of amphiphilic glycosylated lipid porphyrin derivatives: refining linker conjugation for potential PDT applications. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rogers L, Sergeeva NN, Paszko E, Vaz GMF, Senge MO. Lead Structures for Applications in Photodynamic Therapy. 6. Temoporfin Anti-Inflammatory Conjugates to Target the Tumor Microenvironment for In Vitro PDT. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125372. [PMID: 25992651 PMCID: PMC4437655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the ongoing development of clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT), the search continues for optimized photosensitizers that can overcome some of the side effects associated with this type of treatment modality. The main protagonists being: post-treatment photosensitivity, due to only limited cellular selectivity and post-treatment tumor regrowth, due to the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory agents within the tumor microenvironment. A photosensitizer that could overcome one or both of these drawbacks would be highly attractive to those engaged in clinical PDT. Certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) when used in combination with PDT have shown to increase the cytotoxicity of the treatment modality by targeting the tumor microenvironment. Temoporfin (m-THPC), the gold standard chlorin-based photosensitizer (PS) since its discovery in the 1980's, has successfully been conjugated to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds, in an attempt to address the issue of post-treatment tumor regrowth. Using a modified Steglich esterification reaction, a library of "iPorphyrins" was successfully synthesized and evaluated for their PDT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Rogers
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Natalia N. Sergeeva
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Edyta Paszko
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Gisela M. F. Vaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, 8, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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