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Abstract
We would all like to make or obtain the materials or products we want as soon as possible. This is human nature. This is true also for chemists in the synthesis of organic molecules. All chemists would like to make their target molecules as soon as possible, particularly when their interest is in the physical or biological properties of those molecules.As demonstrated by today's COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, rapid synthesis is also crucial to enable chemists to deliver effective therapeutic agents to the community. Several concepts are currently well-accepted as important for achieving this: atom economy, step economy, and redox economy. Considering the importance of synthesizing organic molecules rapidly, I recently proposed adding the concept of time economy.In a multisep synthesis, each step has to be completed within a short period of time to make the desired molecule rapidly. The development of rapid reactions is important but also insufficient. After each step, frequent and repetitive workup operations such as quenching the reaction, extraction, separation of water and organic phases, drying the organic phase, filtration, evaporation, and purification may be required, and the time necessary for these processing operations must be taken into account. Indeed, some of the most time-consuming operations in most syntheses are the purification stages.On the other hand, one-pot reactions are processes in which several sequential reactions are conducted in a single reaction vessel, which avoids the need to purify intermediates. One-pot reactions are a useful way to shorten the total synthesis time, and the approach generally leads to an increase in the yield and a reduction in the amount of chemical waste formed. Thus, I also propose the importance of pot economy.On the basis of these concepts of time and pot economy, we have accomplished efficient syntheses of several natural products and medicines. The key to the success of these syntheses is the use of diphenylprolinol silyl ether as an effective catalyst in a one-pot reaction, in which it does not disturb the subsequent reactions. Our strategy is (1) to construct the chiral key skeletons and/or key components of natural products and medicines directly using organocatalyst-mediated one-pot reactions and (2) to conduct the subsequent transformations to the final molecules in a small number of pots utilizing the internal quench method. By means of this strategy, PGE1 methyl ester, estradiol methyl ether, and clinprost were synthesized in three, five, and seven pots, respectively. Furthermore, (-)-oseltamivir, ABT-341, baclofen, and Corey lactone were synthesized in a single reaction vessel. Further optimization of the reactions in terms of time economy allowed (-)-oseltamivir and Corey lactone to be synthesized within 60 and 152 min, respectively. These syntheses will be highlighted as case studies. Although the organocatalyst is a key compound in this Account, pot- and time-economical syntheses can be expanded to organometallic chemistry and, indeed, to organic chemistry in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Watanabe S, Nishikawa T, Nakazaki A. Total Synthesis of the Cardiotonic Steroid (+)-Cannogenol. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3605-3614. [PMID: 33538172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of (+)-cannogenol, an aglycon common to various biologically important cardiotonic glycosides, has been achieved. Synthesis of the versatile intermediate involves Mizoroki-Heck and intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions from the enantiomerically pure CD-ring segment, newly prepared in a multidecagram scale this time. Total synthesis by the site-selective transformations of the versatile intermediate demonstrated the applicability of our synthetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakazaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Elattar KM, El‐Mekabaty A. Heterocyclic steroids: Synthetic routes and biological characteristics of steroidal fused bicyclic pyrimidines. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M. Elattar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ahmed El‐Mekabaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
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Townsend D, Shankland K, Weymouth-Wilson A, Komsta Z, Evans T, Cobb AJ. Synthesis of an intriguing steroidal constitutional isomer. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Townsend D, Shankland K, Weymouth‐Wilson A, Komsta Z, Evans T, Cobb AJA. Highly Enantioselective, Organocatalytic, and Scalable Synthesis of a Rare
cis,cis
‐Tricyclic Diterpenoid. Chemistry 2020; 26:3504-3508. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Townsend
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Kenneth Shankland
- School of Chemistry, Food and PharmacyUniversity of Reading Whiteknights Reading, Berks RG6 6AD UK
| | - Alex Weymouth‐Wilson
- Dextra Laboratories Ltd.Thames Valley Science Park, The Gateway 1 Collegiate Square Reading RG2 9LH UK
| | - Zofia Komsta
- Dextra Laboratories Ltd.Thames Valley Science Park, The Gateway 1 Collegiate Square Reading RG2 9LH UK
| | - Tim Evans
- Dextra Laboratories Ltd.Thames Valley Science Park, The Gateway 1 Collegiate Square Reading RG2 9LH UK
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6
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Recent Progress in Steroid Synthesis Triggered by the Emergence of New Catalytic Methods. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Watanabe S, Nishikawa T, Nakazaki A. Synthesis of Oxy-Functionalized Steroidal Skeletons via Mizoroki-Heck and Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reactions. Org Lett 2019; 21:7410-7414. [PMID: 31498649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogenic and cardiotonic steroidal skeletons were concisely constructed via Mizoroki-Heck and intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reactions. Simple modification of the dienophile unsaturation of the IMDA precursor enabled representative AB-ring systems of both steroid classes to be accessed from the same intermediate. The diastereoselectivity of the IMDA reaction used to access the cardiotonic steroidal skeleton was found to be significantly enhanced by performing the reaction in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakazaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
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Wang SQ, Zhou KR, Shi XL, Lv HF, Bie LY, Zhao WJ, Chen XB. Steroidal dimer by001 inhibits proliferation and migration of esophageal cancer cells via multiple mechanisms. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 83:179-189. [PMID: 30406839 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential inhibitory effects of structurally novel steroidal dimer by001 in esophageal cancer in vitro. METHODS The cytotoxicity of by001 on esophageal, gastric, neuroblastoma and prostate cancer cells was examined MTT assay and colony formation assay. By001 induced apoptosis and production of intracellular reactive oxygen species on esophageal cancer cells Ec109, TE-1 and human normal gastric epithelial cells GES-1 was detected by flow cytometry. The effect of by001 on mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by fluorescence microscope through JC-1 staining. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was measured by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry via DCFH-DA staining. The effect of by001 on members of Bcl-2 family, Fas, LC3, PARP and caspases was determined by Western blot. The effect of by001 on migration was measured by transwell assay. RESULTS By001 effectively inhibited proliferation of esophageal, gastric, neuroblastoma and prostate cancer cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in vitro. By001 reduced the number and the size of colonies at low micromolar concentrations, elevated cellular ROS levels and caused mitochondrial dysfunction in esophageal cancer cells. Molecular mechanistic studies showed that by001 triggered apoptosis through regulating members of Bcl-2 family and Fas. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that by001 may inhibited proliferation of esophageal cancer cells through mitochondria and death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways, autophagy induction, as well as suppressed migration of esophageal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Kai-Rui Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Liang-Yu Bie
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Wei-Jie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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Koshino S, Kwon E, Hayashi Y. Total Synthesis of Estradiol Methyl Ether and Its Five-Pot Synthesis with an Organocatalyst. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seitaro Koshino
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku 980-8578 Sendai Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku 980-8578 Sendai Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku 980-8578 Sendai Japan
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Nakazaki A, Hashimoto K, Ikeda A, Shibata T, Nishikawa T. De Novo Synthesis of Possible Candidates for the Inagami-Tamura Endogenous Digitalis-like Factor. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9097-9111. [PMID: 28787161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
De novo synthesis of possible candidates for the Inagami-Tamura endogenous digitalis-like factor (EDLF) was achieved to validate a previously proposed structure. Our synthetic approach involves a highly regio- and diastereoselective Mizoroki-Heck reaction and a Friedel-Crafts-type cyclodehydration to construct steroidal tetracycle 14 as a versatile common intermediate leading to seven 2,14β-dihydroxyestradiol analogues 1a-c, 2a-c, and 3 as possible candidates. By comparing the potency of inhibitory activity against Na+/K+-ATPase between the synthesized candidates and the EDLF, it was found that the proposed structure is not likely to be a true structure of the Inagami-Tamura EDLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Nakazaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiko Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ai Ikeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Hayashi Y, Koshino S, Ojima K, Kwon E. Pot Economy in the Total Synthesis of Estradiol Methyl Ether by Using an Organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11812-11815. [PMID: 28749046 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective total synthesis of estradiol methyl ether has been accomplished in a pot-economical manner using five reaction vessels and four purifications. The key reaction is a diphenylprolinol silyl ether mediated domino Michael/aldol reaction to afford bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane derivatives, containing the A, C, and D rings of steroids, as a single isomer with excellent enantioselectivity. Six reactions such as oxidation, hydrogenation, formation of acid chloride, Friedel-Crafts reaction, deprotection, and reduction can be carried out in the last one-pot sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Seitaro Koshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kanna Ojima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Hayashi Y, Koshino S, Ojima K, Kwon E. Pot Economy in the Total Synthesis of Estradiol Methyl Ether by Using an Organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Seitaro Koshino
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Kanna Ojima
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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Quest for steroidomimetics: Amino acids derived steroidal and nonsteroidal architectures. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:139-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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α-Amino acids with electrically charged and polar uncharged side chains as chiral synthon: Application to the synthesis of bioactive alkaloids (1996-Dec, 2013). Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Shi XJ, Yu B, Wang JW, Qi PP, Tang K, Huang X, Liu HM. Structurally novel steroidal spirooxindole by241 potently inhibits tumor growth mainly through ROS-mediated mechanisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31607. [PMID: 27527552 PMCID: PMC4985843 DOI: 10.1038/srep31607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells always have increased ROS levels, thus making them more vulnerable to persistent endogenous oxidative stress. The biochemical difference between cancer and normal cells could be exploited to achieve selective cancer cell killing by exogenous ROS-producing agents. Herein we described a structurally novel steroidal spirooxindole by241 and its anticancer efficacy. By241 exhibited potent inhibition against human cancer cells and less toxic to normal cells. By241 concentration-dependently induced apoptosis of MGC-803 and EC9706 cells, accompanied with the mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS levels. NAC can completely restore the decreased cell viability of MGC-803 cells caused by by241, suggesting ROS-mediated mechanisms. The expression levels of proteins involved in the mitochondrion-related pathways were detected, showing increased expression of proapoptotic proteins and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, and activation of caspases-9/-3, but without activating caspase-8 expression. Pretreatment with Z-VAD-FMK partially rescued by241-induced apoptosis of MGC-803 cells. Additionally, by241 inhibited mTOR, activated p53 and its downstream proteins, cleaved MDM2 and PI3K/AKT as well as NF-κB signaling pathway. In vivo experiments showed that by241 did not have significant acute oral toxicity and exerted good anticancer efficacy against MGC-803 bearing mice models. Therefore, by241 may serve as a lead for further development for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ping-Ping Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kai Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Ren JW, Zhou ZF, Xiao JA, Chen XQ, Yang H. Acid-Relayed Organocatalyticexo-Diels-Alder Cycloaddition of Cyclic Enones with 2-Vinyl-1H-indoles. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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