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Zhang H, Li M, Wang K, Chen Y, Liao B, Wang Q, Yi W. An Accesss to 4,5,6-Trisubstituted Pyrimidines from 2 H-Azirines and α-Isocyanoacetates or α-Isocyanoacetamides Enabled by 1,3-Dipolar [3 + 2] Cycloaddition/Ring-Expanding/Oxidative Aromatization Process. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1692-1702. [PMID: 38207341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The products containing pyrimidine scaffolds exhibit various important physiological and biological activities. To date, the strategies to generate 4,5,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines were not reported. Here, a copper-catalyzed reaction of 2H-azirines with α-isocyanoacetates or α-isocyanoacetamides has been developed, rapidly preparing 4,5,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines. The mechanistic results reveal that this strategy underwent a formal 1, 3-dipolar [3 + 2] cycloaddition/ring-expanding/oxidative aromatization procedure to construct the desired pyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Zhang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Benren Liao
- Shanghai No.4 Reagent Chemical Co., Ltd. Shanghai 201512, P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Weiyin Yi
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
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Zhang FG, Chen Z, Tang X, Ma JA. Triazines: Syntheses and Inverse Electron-demand Diels-Alder Reactions. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14555-14593. [PMID: 34586777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triazines are an important class of six-membered aromatic heterocycles possessing three nitrogen atoms, resulting in three types of regio-isomers: 1,2,4-triazines (a-triazines), 1,2,3-triazines (v-triazines), and 1,3,5-triazines (s-triazines). Notably, the application of triazines as cyclic aza-dienes in inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition reactions has been established as a unique and powerful method in N-heterocycle synthesis, natural product preparation, and bioorthogonal chemistry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the advances in the construction of these triazines via annulation and ring-expansion reactions, especially emphasizing recent developments and challenges. The synthetic transformations of triazines are focused on IEDDA cycloaddition reactions, which have allowed access to a wide scope of heterocycles, including pyridines, carbolines, azepines, pyridazines, pyrazines, and pyrimidines. The utilization of triazine IEDDA reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis is also discussed. More importantly, a particular attention is paid on the bioorthogonal application of triazines in fast click ligation with various strained alkenes and alkynes, which opens a new opportunity for studying biomolecules in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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Kondratov IS, Tolmachova NA, Haufe G. Diels-Alder Reaction in the Synthesis of Fluorinated (Hetero)Aromatic Compounds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Kondratov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry; National Ukrainian Academy of Science; Murmanska St. 1 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd; Chervonotkatska St. 79 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Nataliya A. Tolmachova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry; National Ukrainian Academy of Science; Murmanska St. 1 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd; Chervonotkatska St. 79 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence; Universität Münster; Waldeyerstraße 15 48149 Münster Germany
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Yang K, Dang Q, Bai X. Organocatalytic Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of Ketones with 1,3,5-Triazines. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University; The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; 1266 Fujin Lu 130021 Changchun, Jilin P. R. China
| | - Qun Dang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University; The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; 1266 Fujin Lu 130021 Changchun, Jilin P. R. China
| | - Xu Bai
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University; The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jilin University; 1266 Fujin Lu 130021 Changchun, Jilin P. R. China
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Yang K, Dang Q, Cai PJ, Gao Y, Yu ZX, Bai X. Reaction of Aldehydes/Ketones with Electron-Deficient 1,3,5-Triazines Leading to Functionalized Pyrimidines as Diels-Alder/Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction Products: Reaction Development and Mechanistic Studies. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2336-2344. [PMID: 28112917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions of heterocyclic aza-dienes are rarely reported since highly reactive and electron-rich dienophiles are often found not compatible with strong acids such as Lewis acids. Herein, we disclose that TFA-catalyzed reactions of electron-deficient 1,3,5-triazines and electron-deficient aldehydes/ketones can take place. These reactions led to highly functionalized pyrimidines as products in fair to good yields. The reaction mechanism was carefully studied by the combination of experimental and computational studies. The reactions involve a cascade of stepwise inverse electron demand hetero-Diels-Alder (ihDA) reactions, followed by retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reactions and elimination of water. An acid was required for both ihDA and rDA reactions. This mechanism was further verified by comparing the relative reactivity of aldehydes/ketones and their corresponding vinyl ethers in the current reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , 1266 Fujin Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Qun Dang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , 1266 Fujin Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Jun Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Bai
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The College of Chemistry and The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , 1266 Fujin Rd., Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
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