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Rosenberg M, Junker AKR, Sørensen TJ, Laursen BW. Fluorescence pH Probes Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer Quenching of Long Fluorescence Lifetime Triangulenium Dyes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rosenberg
- Nano-Science Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anne Kathrine R. Junker
- Nano-Science Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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2
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Lyons DJM, Crocker RD, Nguyen TV. Stimuli-Responsive Organic Dyes with Tropylium Chromophore. Chemistry 2018; 24:10959-10965. [PMID: 29774976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tropylium ions possess an interesting combination of structural stability and chemical reactivity due to its Hückel aromaticity and its positively charged polyene nature, respectively. Herein we exploit the chemical versatility and unique structural properties of the tropylium ion to derive a family of novel push-pull organic dyes with strong absorption in the visible range via simple and practical synthetic protocols. These stable organic dyes are highly stimuli-responsive, as demonstrated by their sensitivity towards solvent, pH change, redox reaction, Lewis base and counterion, which marks them as potentially useful compounds for opto-electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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3
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González-Pérez M, Ooi SY, Martins S, Prates Ramalho JP, Pereira A, Caldeira AT. Gaining insight into the photophysical properties of a coumarin STP ester with potential for bioconjugation. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03548b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a coumarin 392 4-sulfotetrafluorophenyl ester, C392STP (sodium (E/Z)-4-(4-(2-(6,7-dimethoxycoumarin-3-yl)vinyl)-benzoyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-benzenesulfonate), an amine reactive coumarine with potential for bioconjungation, have been studied in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Y. Ooi
- Chemistry Department
- School of Sciences and Technology
- Evora University
- Evora
- Portugal
| | - S. Martins
- HERCULES Laboratory
- Evora University
- Evora
- Portugal
| | | | - A. Pereira
- HERCULES Laboratory
- Evora University
- Evora
- Portugal
- Chemistry Department
| | - A. T. Caldeira
- HERCULES Laboratory
- Evora University
- Evora
- Portugal
- Chemistry Department
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4
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Syntheses and properties of second-generation V-shaped xanthene dyes with piperidino groups. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Hitzenberger JF, Uhl A, Schatz J, Drewello T. Influence of electronic and molecular structure on the fragmentation dynamic of even-electron carbocationic triangulenes and helicenes in the gas phase. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:174-181. [PMID: 28098959 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stable, long-lived organic cations are directly transferred by electrospray ionization (ESI) from solution into the gas phase where their collision-induced dissociations (CID) are studied by tandem mass spectrometry. Three related types of triphenyl carbenium ions are investigated, in which the meta positions are either substituted by methoxy groups or tertiary nitrogen bridges, including tetramethoxyphenylacridinium (TMPA+ ), dimethoxyquinacridinium (DMQA+ ), and triazatriangulenium (TATA+ ) cations. These ions are triangular in shape with increasing degrees of planarity. Fragmentation occurs at the periphery of the triangular molecule, involving the methoxy groups and the substituent of the nitrogen bridge. Each initial precursor cation is an even electron (EE) system and shows competing dissociations into both even (EE) and odd electron (OE) fragment ions. The latter reaction is a breach of the classic 'even-electron rule' in mass spectrometry. While the EE fragment dissociates similar to the precursor, the OE fragment ion shows a rich radical-induced fragmentation pattern. Two driving forces direct the fragmentation of the EE precursor ion toward OE fragment ions, including the release of stabilized radicals and the extension of the π-system by increasing planarization of the triangulene core. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Felix Hitzenberger
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Agnes Uhl
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schatz
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Hitzenberger JF, Dral PO, Meinhardt U, Clark T, Thiel W, Kivala M, Drewello T. Stability of Odd- Versus Even-Electron Gas-Phase (Quasi)Molecular Ions Derived from Pyridine-Substituted N-Heterotriangulenes. Chempluschem 2017; 82:204-211. [PMID: 31961553 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionisation of N-heterotriangulenes (i.e., dimethylmethylene-bridged triphenylamines) with up to three pyridyl groups at their periphery, produces the true radical cation ([M]+ . ) and the protonated molecule ([M+H]+ ) simultaneously. These ions are studied as model systems to illustrate the stability alternation of odd- versus even-electron ions in energy-dependent collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. All ions show the same fragmentation pattern, the consecutive loss of three methyl radicals (. CH3 ) from the dimethylmethylene bridges of the central triangulene core. [M]+ . ions dissociate at much lower collision energies than their [M+H]+ counterparts. The radical cation forms a singlet fragment with an extended aromatic system that is energetically favoured. Ab initio and density functional theory calculations support this interpretation and allow the assignment of the electronic structure of the fragment ions. Consecutive collision-induced dissociations provide a better match with theory when studied with an ion trap, rather than a linear quadrupole. This is attributed to the resonant nature of the excitation of intermediate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob F Hitzenberger
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pavlo O Dral
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ute Meinhardt
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Bogh S, Simmermacher M, Westberg M, Bregnhøj M, Rosenberg M, De Vico L, Veiga M, Laursen BW, Ogilby PR, Sauer SPA, Sørensen TJ. Azadioxatriangulenium and Diazaoxatriangulenium: Quantum Yields and Fundamental Photophysical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:193-203. [PMID: 31457221 PMCID: PMC6641101 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have investigated and exploited the photophysical properties of triangulenium dyes. Azadioxatriangulenium (ADOTA) and diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA), in particular, have features that make them useful in various fluorescence-based technologies (e.g., bioimaging). Through our work with ADOTA and DAOTA, we became aware that the reported fluorescence quantum yields (ϕfl) for these dyes are lower than their actual values. We thus set out to further investigate the fundamental structure-property relationships in these unique conjugated cationic systems. The nonradiative processes in the systems were explored using transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved emission spectroscopy in combination with computational chemistry. The influence of molecular oxygen on the fluorescence properties was explored, and the singlet oxygen sensitization efficiencies of ADOTA and DAOTA were determined. We conclude that, for these dyes, the amount of nonradiative deactivation of the first excited singlet state (S1) of the azaoxa-triangulenium fluorophores is low, that the rate of such deactivation is slower than what is observed in common cationic dyes, that there are no observable radiative transitions occurring from the first excited triplet state (T1) of these dyes, and that the efficiency of sensitized singlet oxygen production is low (ϕΔ ≤ 10%). These photophysical results provide a solid base upon which technological applications of these fluorescent dyes can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel
A. Bogh
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Westberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Rosenberg
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Luca De Vico
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Manoel Veiga
- PicoQuant
GmbH, Rudower Chaussee
29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stephan P. A. Sauer
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
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8
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Chib R, Requena S, Mummert M, Strzhemechny YM, Gryczynski I, Borejdo J, Gryczynski Z, Fudala R. Fluorescence lifetime imaging with time-gated detection of hyaluronidase using a long lifetime azadioxatriangulenium (ADOTA) fluorophore. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016; 4:047001. [PMID: 28192308 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/4/047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence lifetime imaging probe with a long lifetime was used in combination with time-gating for the detection of hyaluronidase using hyaluronic acid as the probe template. This probe was developed by heavily labeling hyaluronic acid with long lifetime azadioxatriangulenium fluorophores (ADOTA). We used this probe to image hyaluronidase produced by DU-145 prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chib
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Fluorescence Technologies and Nanomedicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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9
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Chib R, Mummert M, Bora I, Laursen BW, Shah S, Pendry R, Gryczynski I, Borejdo J, Gryczynski Z, Fudala R. Fluorescent biosensor for the detection of hyaluronidase: intensity-based ratiometric sensing and fluorescence lifetime-based sensing using a long lifetime azadioxatriangulenium (ADOTA) fluorophore. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3811-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Wallabregue A, Moreau D, Sherin P, Moneva Lorente P, Jarolímová Z, Bakker E, Vauthey E, Gruenberg J, Lacour J. Selective Imaging of Late Endosomes with a pH-Sensitive Diazaoxatriangulene Fluorescent Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1752-5. [PMID: 26799309 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Late endosomes are a major trafficking hub in the cell at the crossroads between endocytosis, autophagy, and degradation in lysosomes. Herein is disclosed the first small molecule allowing their selective imaging and monitoring in the form of a diazaoxatriangulene fluorophore, 1a (hexadecyl side chain). The compound is prepared in three steps from a simple carbenium precursor. In nanospheres, this pH-sensitive (pKa = 7.3), photochemically stable dye fluoresces in the red part of visible light (601 and 578 nm, acid and basic forms, respectively) with a quantum yield between 14 and 16% and an excited-state lifetime of 7.7-7.8 ns. Importantly, the protonated form 1a·H(+) provokes a specific staining of late endosome compartments (pH 5.0-5.5) after 5 h of incubation with HeLa cells. Not surprisingly, this late endosome marking depends on the intra-organelle pH, and changing the nature of the lipophilic chain provokes a loss of selectivity. Interestingly, fixation of the fluorophore is readily achieved with paraformaldehyde, giving the possibility to image both live and fixed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Sherin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS , Institutskaya street 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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11
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Yamagami A, Ishimura H, Katori A, Kuramochi K, Tsubaki K. Syntheses and properties of the V-shaped dimeric xanthene dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10963-10972. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01967f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new types of V-shaped dimeric xanthene fluorescent dyes were synthesized and evaluated in terms of their optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Yamagami
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
| | - Hina Ishimura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
| | - Akane Katori
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science
| | - Kazunori Tsubaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Kyoto Prefectural University
- Kyoto 606-8522
- Japan
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12
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Bora I, Bogh SA, Rosenberg M, Santella M, Sørensen TJ, Laursen BW. Diazaoxatriangulenium: synthesis of reactive derivatives and conjugation to bovine serum albumin. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 14:1091-101. [PMID: 26633730 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02293b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The azaoxa-triangulenium dyes are characterised by emission in the red and a long fluorescence lifetime (up to 25 ns). These properties have been widely explored for the azadioxatrianguelnium (ADOTA) dye. Here, the syntheses of reactive maleimide and NHS-ester forms of the diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA) system are reported. The DAOTA fluorophore was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and investigated in comparison to the corresponding ADOTA-BSA conjugate. It was found that the fluorescence of DAOTA experienced a significantly higher degree of solvent quenching if compared to ADOTA as non-conjugated dyes in aqueous solution, while the fluorescence quenching observed upon conjugation to BSA was significantly reduced for DAOTA when compared to ADOTA. The differences in observed quenching for the conjugates can be explained by the different electronic structures of the dyes, which renders DAOTA significantly less prone to reductive photoinduced electron transfer (PET) quenching from e.g. tryptophan. We conclude that DAOTA, with emission in the red and inherent resistance to PET quenching, is an ideal platform for the development of long fluorescence lifetime probes for time-resolved imaging and fluorescence polarisation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Bora
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
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13
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Bogh SA, Bora I, Rosenberg M, Thyrhaug E, Laursen BW, Sørensen TJ. Azadioxatriangulenium: exploring the effect of a 20 ns fluorescence lifetime in fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:045001. [PMID: 29148501 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Azaoxatriangulenium (ADOTA) has been shown to be highly emissive despite a moderate molar absorption coefficient of the primary electronic transition. As a result, the fluorescence lifetime is ~20 ns, longer than all commonly used red fluorescent organic probes. The electronic transitions in ADOTA are highly polarised (r 0 = 0.38), which in combination with the long fluorescence lifetime extents the size-range of biomolecular weights that can be detected in fluorescence polarisation-based experiments. Here, the rotational dynamics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) are monitored with three different ADOTA derivatives, differing only in constitution of the reactive linker. A detailed study of the degree of labelling, the steady-state anisotropy, and the time-resolved anisotropy of the three different ADOTA-BSA conjugates are reported. The fluorescence quantum yields (ϕ fl) of the free dyes in PBS solution are determined to be ~55%, which is reduced to ~20% in the ADOTA-BSA conjugates. Despite the reduction in ϕ fl, a ~20 ns intensity averaged lifetime is maintained, allowing for the rotational dynamics of BSA to be monitored for up to 100 ns. Thus, ADOTA can be used in fluorescence polarisation assays to fill the gap between commonly used organic dyes and the long luminescence lifetime transition metal complexes. This allows for efficient steady-state fluorescence polarisation assays for detecting binding of analytes with molecular weights of up to 100 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel A Bogh
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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