An Efficient Multi-Component Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Calix[4]arenes with Pronounced Binding Affinity toward β-Lactoglobulin

The status of isocyanide-based multi-component reactions in Iran (2010-2018)

Isocyanides as key intermediates and magic reactants have been widely applied in organic reactions for direct access to a broad spectrum of remarkable organic compounds. Although the history of these magical compounds dates back more than 100 years, it still has been drawing widespread attention of chemists who confirmed their versatility and effectiveness. Because of their wide spectrum of pharmacological, industrial and synthetic applications, many reactions with the utilization of isocyanides are reported in the literature. In this context, Iranian scientist played a significant role in the growth of isocyanides chemistry. The present review article covers literature from the period starting from 2010 onward and encompasses new synthetic routes and organic transformation involving isocyanides by Iranian researchers. During this period, a diverse range of isocyanide-based multi-component reactions (I-MCRs) has been reported such as a new modification of Ugi, post-Ugi, Passerini and Groebke-Blackburn-Bienayme condensation reactions, isocyanide-based [1 + 4] cycloaddition reactions, isocyanide-acetylene-based MCRs, isocyanide and Meldrum's acid-based MCRs, several unexpected reactions besides green mediums and novel catalytic systems for the synthesis of diverse kinds of pharmaceutically and industrially remarkable heterocyclic and linear organic compounds. This review also emphasizes the neoteric applications of I-MCR for the synthesis of valuable peptide and pseudopeptide scaffolds, enzyme immobilization and functionalization of materials with tailorable properties that can play important roles in the plethora of applications.

Assembly behaviors of calixarene-based amphiphile and supra-amphiphile and the applications in drug delivery and protein recognition

Calixarene is the third generation of supra-molecular compounds after crown ether and cyclodextrin. Amphiphilic calixarene can be obtained by modulation with both hydrophilic group and hydrophobic alkyl chain. Compared with conventional surfactant, amphiphilic calixarene has much lower critical micelle concentration and is much easier to self-assemble into different morphological aggregates. Calixarene-basedsupra-amphiphile can be designed via noncovalent bonds due to the capability of calixarene to recognize surfactant; the binding of a surfactant with calixarene can decrease the critical micelle concentration of surfactant by several times. The calixarene-surfactant complex can self-aggregate to form spherical micelles, vesicles, and spherical nanoparticles, and the aggregation behavior can be controlled by the structures and the molar ratio of surfactant to calixarene and environmental factors. Calixarene-based amphiphile and supra-amphiphile show low cytotoxicity. They can load drugs and assemble into nanocapsules with drugs. The structure of the calixarene-drug complex can respond to external stimuli, rendering the sustained release of the drug and suggesting its potential application as a drug delivery system. Recently, calixarene has also been found to selectively bind proteins, suggesting its prospect in disease diagnosis and intervention treatment in clinics. This review elaborates on the research progress in the self-assembly behaviors of calixarene-based amphiphile and supra-amphiphile and the applications of the calixarenes in drug delivery and protein recognition. The prospectives for the studies are also provided in this review.

Highly functionalized calix[4]arenes via multicomponent reactions: synthesis and recognition properties

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) include several aspects of green chemistry principles, so it is obvious that chemists in different areas are increasingly interested in providing their product by multicomponent approaches. MCRs can be very useful in supramolecular chemistry, especially to produce novel supramolecular derivatives. Therefore, there are several reports of highly-functionalized calix[4]arene derivatives obtained by MCRs instead of conventional stepwise protocols during the last decade. In this paper, we have particularly focused on the exploitation of upper rim and lower rim substituted calix[4]arenes in multicomponent approaches as a facile and convenient synthetic strategy. The value of this method lies in its operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions and structural diversity of the products. Interestingly, in most cases the products afforded by this method offer unique features and applications which are highlighted in the following sections.

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) include several aspects of green chemistry principles, so it is obvious that chemists in different areas are increasingly interested in providing their product by multicomponent approaches.