1
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Fang W, Sun BB, Qin SC, Fang LP, Yu XR, Jiang HJ, Yu J. Enantioselective Access to Chiral 2,5-Diketopiperazines via Stereogenic-at-Cobalt(III)-Catalyzed Ugi-4CRs/Cyclization Sequences. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16024-16037. [PMID: 37917565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of chiral 2,5-diketopiperazines by the Ugi-4CR/cyclization is exhibited. The employment of catalytic anionic chiral Co(III) complexes delivered α-propiolyl aminoamides in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities (31 examples, up to 95% ee). The following treatment of Ugi-adducts with PPh3 leads to chiral 2,5-DKPs without significant loss of enantioselectivities (26 examples, up to 91% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Bing Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Cheng Qin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Fang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ran Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Jie Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
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2
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Li J, Huang JH, Wang JY, Xu ZG, Chen ZZ, Lei J. An intramolecular hydrogen bond-promoted "green" Ugi cascade reaction for the synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines with anticancer activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33175-33179. [PMID: 36425196 PMCID: PMC9678023 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a "green chemistry"-based Ugi cascade reaction to furnish a series of 2,5-diketopiperazines (through nucleophilic attack of amides upon ketones in Ugi adducts) at moderate-to-good yields. Investigation with the MTT assay revealed compound (±) 5c to exhibit potent anticancer activities against acute myeloid leukaemia (MV411; IC50 = 1.7 μM) and acute T lymphocyte leukaemia (Jurkat; IC50 = 5.7 μM) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and SciencesChongqing 402160China
| | - Jiu Hong Huang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and SciencesChongqing 402160China
| | - Jing Ya Wang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and SciencesChongqing 402160China
| | - Zhi Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and SciencesChongqing 402160China
| | - Zhong Zhu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and SciencesChongqing 402160China
| | - Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and SciencesChongqing 402160China
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3
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Li Y, Xu J, He LJ, Luo YF, Meng JP, Tang DY, Li HY, Chen ZZ, Xu ZG. Dieckmann Condensation of Ugi N-Acylamino Amide Product: Facile Access to Functionalized 2,2-Disubstituted Indolin-3-ones. J Org Chem 2021; 87:823-834. [PMID: 34918940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structurally unique 2,2-disubstituted indolin-3-ones with a quaternary carbon center have been constructed through a novel C-C bond formation at the C3 position of Ugi N-acylamino amide adducts employing an organic base-mediated Dieckmann condensation. This facile, flexible protocol can be fine-tuned to construct drug-like pyrazino[1,2-a]indole fragments with the same quaternary carbon center only through the variation of the acid part in Ugi input. This novel and expeditious methodology has a broad scope and can rapidly generate the drug-like indolin-3-one core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Liu-Jun He
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ya-Fei Luo
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Meng
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Dian-Yong Tang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Zhong-Zhu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
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4
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Li C, Fan W, Qi C, Zhang F. Four component synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Li Y, Huang Z, Xu J, Ding Y, Tang DY, Lei J, Li HY, Chen ZZ, Xu ZG. Microwave-assisted efficient and facile synthesis of tetramic acid derivatives via a one-pot post-Ugi cascade reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:663-669. [PMID: 32318123 PMCID: PMC7155898 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile microwave-assisted method for the synthesis of tetramic acid derivatives has been developed through an Ugi/Dieckmann cyclization strategy with DBU. This two-step one-pot procedure afforded the targeted tetramic acid analogues in good yields. With commercially available Ugi starting materials, microwave irradiation, a simple operation, excellent yields, and a broad scope, this reaction has the potential to produce a large number of tetramic acid analogues, which cannot be easily accessed by the classic synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Zheng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yong Ding
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Dian-Yong Tang
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Zhong-Zhu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
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Suć Sajko J, Ljoljić Bilić V, Kosalec I, Jerić I. Multicomponent Approach to a Library of N-Substituted γ-Lactams. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:28-34. [PMID: 30563326 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The γ-lactam motif is often found in naturally occurring compounds with diverse biological activities. We prepared a 28-member library of N-substituted γ-lactams following a single-pot, three-component Ugi reaction comprising bifunctional building block, l-glutamic acid methyl ester. The reaction tolerates structurally diverse carbonyl and isocyanide components providing a robust access to functionalized γ-lactams. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, including agar well diffusion assay, serial microdilution broth assay, and antibiofilm activity testing, identified a potent compound with antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Suć Sajko
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanja Ljoljić Bilić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kosalec
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivanka Jerić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Chen ZZ, Li SQ, Zhang YJ, Tang DY, Meng JP, Lei J, Li HY, Xu ZG. Synthesis of Pyridodiindoles with Anticancer Activity by a Three-Component Cascade Condensation. Org Lett 2018; 20:7811-7815. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Zhu Chen
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Li
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Dian-Yong Tang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Meng
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Jie Lei
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, China
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8
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Meng JP, Lei J. Crystal structure of ( E)- N-(2-(benzylamino)-2-oxo-1-(4-oxo-4 H-chromen-3-yl)ethyl)- N-(4-bromophenyl)-3-chloroacrylamide hydrate, C 27H 22BrClN 2O 5. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2017-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C27H22BrClN2O5, triclinic, P1̄, a = 6.8549(4) Å, b = 13.2863(12) Å, c = 14.3690(13) Å, α = 85.944(7)°, β = 84.882(6)°, γ = 89.932(6)°, V = 1300.18(18) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0655, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1841, T = 293(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ping Meng
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences , Chongqing 402160 , P.R. China
| | - Jie Lei
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences , Chongqing 402160 , P.R. China
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9
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Xu ZG, Li SQ, Meng JP, Tang DY, He LJ, Lei J, Lin HK, Li HY, Chen ZZ. Functionalized Spiroindolines with Anticancer Activity through a Metal-Free Post-Ugi Diastereoselective One-Pot Cascade Reaction. Chemistry 2018; 24:6732-6736. [PMID: 29676029 PMCID: PMC6042644 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A post-Ugi diastereoselective one-pot cascade reaction requiring no metal catalyst was developed. The reaction scope was wide with mild conditions and good yields. A collection of spiroindolines was prepared by the protocol and screening tests in several difficult-to-inhibit cancer cell lines were conducted. The relationship of structure and anticancer activities was promising and in the Huh7 cell lines compound 16 j is more potent than Vinbalstine. The cyclization design strategy could be applicable to other multicomponent reactions (MCRs) for synthesizing bioactive and drug-like heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of, Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as, Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Qiang Li
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of, Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as, Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Ping Meng
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of, Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as, Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Dian-Yong Tang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of, Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as, Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Jun He
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of, Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as, Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lei
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of, Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as, Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Zhong-Zhu Chen
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of, Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as, Innovative Medicine, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, No. 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, P.R. China
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Huang J, Du X, Van Hecke K, Van der Eycken EV, Pereshivko OP, Peshkov VA. Ugi Reaction Followed by Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction and Elimination of HCl: One-Pot Approach to Arene-Fused Isoindolinones. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Huang
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Dushu Lake Campus 215123 Suzhou China
| | - Xiaochen Du
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Dushu Lake Campus 215123 Suzhou China
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct; Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC); Department of Chemistry; University of Leuven (KU Leuven); Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); 6 Miklukho-Maklaya street 117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Olga P. Pereshivko
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Dushu Lake Campus 215123 Suzhou China
| | - Vsevolod A. Peshkov
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Dushu Lake Campus 215123 Suzhou China
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