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Cheng B, Wang Q, An Y, Chen F. Recent advances in the total synthesis of galantamine, a natural medicine for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38450550 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 2006 to 2023(-)-Galantamine is a natural product with distinctive structural features and potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholine esterase (AChE). It is clinically approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The clinical significance and scarcity of this natural product have prompted extensive and ongoing efforts towards the chemical synthesis of this challenging tetracyclic structure. The objective of this review is to summarize and discuss recent progress in the total synthesis of galantamine from 2006 to 2023. The contents are organized according to the synthetic strategies for the construction of the quaternary center. Key features of each synthesis have been highlighted, followed by a summary and outlook at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichu Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi An
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Xiong Z, Weidlich F, Sanchez C, Wirth T. Biomimetic total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine via intramolecular anodic aryl-phenol coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4123-4127. [PMID: 35537211 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00669c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Galanthamine as a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease has attracted synthetic chemists for decades. However, previous total synthetic and biomimetic approaches often use stoichiometric oxidants (metal oxidants or hypervalent iodine) to prepare the target product. Anodic oxidative coupling offers a sustainable alternative method which is, for the first time, successfully applied to the total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine. We report a new asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-galanthamine by using an anodic aryl-phenol coupling as the key synthetic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Frauke Weidlich
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Camille Sanchez
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
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3
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Majumder S, Yadav A, Pal S, Khatua A, Bisai A. Asymmetric Total Syntheses of (-)-Lycoramine, (-)-Lycoraminone, (-)-Narwedine, and (-)-Galanthamine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7786-7797. [PMID: 35613361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A concise asymmetric total synthesis of naturally occurring Amaryllidaceae alkaloids sharing dihydrobenzofuran scaffolds, (-)-galanthamine (1a), (-)-lycoramine (1b), (-)-narwedine (2a), and (-)-lycoraminone (2b), is reported. Orthoester Johnson-Claisen rearrangement of allyl alcohol (+)-9 (98% ee) in diisopropylethylamine furnished enantioenriched cyclohexene (+)-8 (97.4% ee) with a quaternary stereogenic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Abhinay Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Souvik Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arindam Khatua
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Kalyani, Nadia 741 246, West Bengal, India
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Nicholson JM, Millham AB, Bucknam AR, Markham LE, Sailors XI, Micalizio GC. General Enantioselective and Stereochemically Divergent Four-Stage Approach to Fused Tetracyclic Terpenoid Systems. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3352-3362. [PMID: 35175755 PMCID: PMC9438405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclic terpenoid-derived natural products are a broad class of medically relevant agents that include well-known steroid hormones and related structures, as well as more synthetically challenging congeners such as limonoids, cardenolides, lanostanes, and cucurbitanes, among others. These structurally related compound classes present synthetically disparate challenges based, in part, on the position and stereochemistry of the numerous quaternary carbon centers that are common to their tetracyclic skeletons. While de novo syntheses of such targets have been a topic of great interest for over 50 years, semisynthesis is often how synthetic variants of these natural products are explored as biologically relevant materials and how such agents are further matured as therapeutics. Here, focus was directed at establishing an efficient, stereoselective, and molecularly flexible de novo synthetic approach that could offer what semisynthetic approaches do not. In short, a unified strategy to access common molecular features of these natural product families is described that proceeds in four stages: (1) conversion of epichlorohydrin to stereodefined enynes, (2) metallacycle-mediated annulative cross-coupling to generate highly substituted hydrindanes, (3) tetracycle formation by stereoselective forging of the C9-C10 bond, and (4) group-selective oxidative rearrangement that repositions a quaternary center from C9 to C10. These studies have defined the structural features required for highly stereoselective C9-C10 bond formation and document the generality of this four-stage synthetic strategy to access a range of unique stereodefined systems, many of which bear stereochemistry/substitution/functionality not readily accessible from semisynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Adam B. Millham
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Andrea R. Bucknam
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Lauren E. Markham
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Xenia Ivanna Sailors
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Glenn C. Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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Paul D, Das S, Saha S, Sharma H, Goswami RK. Intramolecular Heck Reaction in Total Synthesis of Natural Products: An Update. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debobrata Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Subhendu Das
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Sanu Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Himangshu Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
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6
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Kallepu S, Neeli PK, Mallappa S, Nagendla NK, Reddy Mudiam MK, Mainkar PS, Kotamraju S, Chandrasekhar S. sp 3 -Rich Glycyrrhetinic Acid Analogues Using Late-Stage Functionalization as Potential Breast Tumor Regressing Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1826-1833. [PMID: 32893968 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) aids drug discovery efforts by introducing functional groups onto C-H bonds on pre-existing skeletons. We adopted the LSF strategy to synthesize analogues of the abundantly available triterpenoid, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), by introducing aryl groups in the A-ring, expanding the A-ring and selectively activating one methyl group of the gem-dimethyl groups. Intriguingly, two compounds were found to preferentially accumulate in the mitochondrial compartment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, to cause depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and to induce antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects through enhanced mitochondrial superoxide production with parallel depletion of GSH levels. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of these two compounds, in comparison with GA, greatly regressed breast tumor growth and metastasis in a SCID mouse model bearing labeled MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakrishna Kallepu
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Neeli
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Sreevidya Mallappa
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Nagendla
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Prathama S Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Srigiridhar Kotamraju
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Srivari Chandrasekhar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
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7
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Zhang Y, Shen S, Fang H, Xu T. Total Synthesis of Galanthamine and Lycoramine Featuring an Early-Stage C-C and a Late-Stage Dehydrogenation via C-H Activation. Org Lett 2020; 22:1244-1248. [PMID: 31904968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel strategy toward galanthamine and lycoramine. The concise synthesis was enabled by a Rh-catalyzed gram-scale C-C activation for the tetracyclic carbon framework and a regioselective Pd-catalyzed C-H activation for double-bond introduction. An aqueous-phase Beckmann rearrangement was performed for nitrogen atom insertion. Galanthamine and lycoramine were completed in 11 and 10 steps, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts & Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Shuna Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts & Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Hua Fang
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources , Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts & Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
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8
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Afanasyev OI, Kuchuk E, Usanov DL, Chusov D. Reductive Amination in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11857-11911. [PMID: 31633341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reductive amination plays a paramount role in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry owing to its synthetic merits and the ubiquitous presence of amines among biologically active compounds. It is one of the key approaches to C-N bond construction due to its operational easiness and a wide toolbox of protocols. Recent studies show that at least a quarter of C-N bond-forming reactions in the pharmaceutical industry are performed via reductive amination. This Review concisely compiles information on 71 medical substances that are synthesized by reductive amination. Compounds are grouped according to the principle of action, which includes drugs affecting the central nervous system, drugs affecting the cardiovascular system, anticancer drugs, antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal medicines, drugs affecting the urinary system, drugs affecting the respiratory system, antidiabetic medications, drugs affecting the gastrointestinal tract, and drugs regulating metabolic processes. A general synthetic scheme is provided for each compound, and the description is focused on reductive amination steps. The green chemistry metric of reaction mass efficiency was calculated for all reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Afanasyev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilova St. 28 , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Kuchuk
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilova St. 28 , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry L Usanov
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Denis Chusov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilova St. 28 , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation.,National Research University Higher School of Economics , Miasnitskaya Str. 20 , Moscow 101000 , Russian Federation.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia , 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street , Moscow 117198 , Russian Federation
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9
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Zhang Q, Zhang FM, Zhang CS, Liu SZ, Tian JM, Wang SH, Zhang XM, Tu YQ. Catalytic Asymmetric Total Syntheses of (−)-Galanthamine and (−)-Lycoramine. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12664-12671. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Si-Zhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Miao Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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10
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Abstract
Recent progress on the isolation, identification, biological activity and synthetic studies of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, as well as the structurally close alkaloids from theSceletiumgenus, published from July 2015 to June 2017 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Guangmin Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation
- School of Pharmacy
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
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11
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van Otterlo WAL, Green IR. A Review on Recent Syntheses of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids and Isocarbostyrils (Time period mid-2016 to 2017). Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids from the Amaryllidaceae have become valuable targets for synthetic organic chemists, mainly due to their wide variety of bioactivities and potential for utilization in medicinal chemistry ventures. In addition, the structural complexity of a number of these alkaloids has also been a reason for the interest in these compounds. In this review, the last 18 months of literature was perused and synthetic highlights have been presented here, with the hope to further focus attention on this interesting class of compounds and to encourage others to synthesize these compounds and their derivatives and/or analogues. The review contains examples of syntheses from most of the important alkaloid scaffold classes previously isolated from the Amaryllidaceae, namely: lycorine, crinine, galanthamine, tazettine, montanine, phenanthridone, phenanthridine, plicamine, mesembrine and some minor scaffolds (like gracilamine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A. L. van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Ivan R. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Buckler JN, Taher ES, Fraser NJ, Willis AC, Carr PD, Jackson CJ, Banwell MG. The Synthesis of Certain Derivatives and Analogues of (−)- and (+)-Galanthamine and an Assessment of their Capacities to Inhibit Acetylcholine Esterase. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7869-7886. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N. Buckler
- Research School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ehab S. Taher
- Research School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Nicolas J. Fraser
- Research School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Paul D. Carr
- Research School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Martin G. Banwell
- Research School of Chemistry,
Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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