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Flanagan KJ, Paradiz Dominguez M, Melissari Z, Eckhardt HG, Williams RM, Gibbons D, Prior C, Locke GM, Meindl A, Ryan AA, Senge MO. Structural effects of meso-halogenation on porphyrins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1149-1170. [PMID: 34093881 PMCID: PMC8144917 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of halogens in the crystal engineering of supramolecular porphyrin assemblies has been a topic of strong interest over the past decades. With this in mind we have characterized a series of direct meso-halogenated porphyrins using single crystal X-ray crystallography. This is accompanied by a detailed conformational analysis of all deposited meso-halogenated porphyrins in the CSD. In this study we have used the Hirshfeld fingerprint plots together with normal-coordinate structural decomposition and determined crystal structures to elucidate the conformation, present intermolecular interactions, and compare respective contacts within the crystalline architectures. Additionally, we have used density functional theory calculations to determine the structure of several halogenated porphyrins. This contrasts conformational analysis with existing X-ray structures and gives a method to characterize samples that are difficult to crystallize. By using the methods outlined above we were able to deduce the impact a meso halogen has on a porphyrin, for example, meso-halogenation is dependent on the type of alternate substituents present when forming supramolecular assemblies. Furthermore, we have designed a method to predict the conformation of halogenated porphyrins, without need of crystallization, using DFT calculations with a high degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maximilian Paradiz Dominguez
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoi Melissari
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Georg Eckhardt
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - René M Williams
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dáire Gibbons
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Caroline Prior
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gemma M Locke
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alina Meindl
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aoife A Ryan
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152–160 Pearse Street, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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2
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Chahal MK, Liyanage A, Alsaleh AZ, Karr PA, Hill JP, D'Souza F. Anion-enhanced excited state charge separation in a spiro-locked N-heterocycle-fused push-pull zinc porphyrin. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4925-4930. [PMID: 34168764 PMCID: PMC8179616 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of push–pull charge transfer complex, viz., a spiro-locked N-heterocycle-fused zinc porphyrin, ZnP-SQ, is shown to undergo excited state charge separation, which is enhanced by axial F− binding to the Zn center. In this push–pull design, the spiro-quinone group acts as a ‘lock’ promoting charge transfer interactions by constraining mutual coplanarity of the meso-phenol-substituted electron-rich Zn(ii) porphyrin and an electron deficient N-heterocycle, as revealed by electrochemical and computational studies. Spectroelectrochemical studies have been used to identify the spectra of charge separated states, and charge separation upon photoexcitation of ZnP has been unequivocally established by using transient absorption spectroscopic techniques covering wide spatial and temporal regions. Further, global target analysis of the transient data using GloTarAn software is used to obtain the lifetimes of different photochemical events and reveal that fluoride anion complexation stabilizes the charge separated state to an appreciable extent. A new type of push–pull charge transfer complex, viz., a spiro-locked N-heterocycle-fused zinc porphyrin, ZnP-SQ, is shown to undergo excited state charge separation, which is enhanced by axial F− binding to the Zn center.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K Chahal
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Anuradha Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Ajyal Z Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College 111 Main Street Wayne Nebraska 68787 USA
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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3
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Senge MO, Sergeeva NN, Hale KJ. Classic highlights in porphyrin and porphyrinoid total synthesis and biosynthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4730-4789. [PMID: 33623938 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins feature prominently in nature, be it as enzymatic cofactors, electron and exciton shuffles, as photoactive dyes, or as signaling substances. Their involvement in the generation, storage and use of oxygen is pivotal to life, while their photochemical properties are central to the biochemical functioning of plants. When complexed to metals, porphyrins can engage in a multitude of contemporary applications ranging from solar energy generation to serving as catalysts for important chemical reactions. They are also able to function as useful theranostic agents, and as novel materials for a wide range of applications. As such, they are widely considered to be highly valuable molecules, and it almost goes without saying that synthetic organic chemistry has dramatically underpinned all the key advances made, by providing reliable access to them. In fact, strategies for the synthesis of functionalized porphyrins have now reached a state of refinement where pretty well any desired porphyrin can successfully be synthesized with the approaches that are available, including a cornucopia of related macrocycle-modified porphyrinoids. In this review, we are going to illustrate the development of this exciting field by discussing a number of classic syntheses of porphyrins. Our coverage will encompass the natural protoporphyrins and chlorophylls, while also covering general strategies for the synthesis of unsymmetrical porphyrins and chlorins. Various industrial syntheses of porphyrins will also be discussed, as will other routes of great practical importance, and avenues to key porphyrinoids with modified macrocycles. A range of selected examples of contemporary functionalization reactions will be highlighted. The various key syntheses will be described and analyzed from a traditional mechanistic organic chemistry perspective to help student readers, and those who are new to this area. The aim will be to allow readers to mechanistically appreciate and understand how many of these fascinating ring-systems are built and further functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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4
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Nalaoh P, Bureekaew S, Promarak V, Lindsey JS. Fourfold alkyl wrapping of a copper(II) porphyrin thwarts macrocycle π-π stacking in a compact supramolecular package. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 76:647-654. [PMID: 32624511 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620007172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins are valuable constituents in optoelectronic, catalytic, and other applications, yet control of intermolecular π-π stacking is invariably essential to attain the desired properties. Superstructures built onto the porphyrin, often via meso-aryl groups, can afford facial encumbrance that suppresses π-π stacking, although some molecular designs have provided insufficient facial coverage and many have entailed cumbersome syntheses. In this study, a copper(II) porphyrin bearing four meso substituents, namely, {10,20-bis[2,6-bis(octyloxy)phenyl]-5,15-dibromoporphinato}copper(II), [Cu(C64H82Br2N4O4)], was prepared by metalation of the corresponding free-base porphyrin and was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure reveals a dihedral angle of 111.1 (2)° for the plane of the meso-aryl group relative to the plane of the porphyrin, with both aryl groups tilted in the same direction. Each of the four octyloxy groups exhibits a gauche conformation for the -OCH2CH2- unit but is extended with four or five anti (-CH2CH2-/H) conformations thereafter, causing each octyl group to span the dimension of the macrocycle. In a global frame of reference where the two Br atoms define the north/south poles and the two aryl groups are at antipodes on the equator, two octyl groups of one aryl unit project over the northern hemisphere (covering pyrroles A and B), whereas those of the other aryl unit project over the southern hemisphere (covering pyrroles C and D). Together, the four octyl groups ensheath the two faces of the porphyrin in a self-wrapped assembly. The closest approach of the Cu atom to an octyl methylene C atom (position 6) is 3.5817 (18) Å, the mean separations of neighboring porphyrin planes are 8.059 (4) and 4.693 (8) Å along the a and c axes, respectively, and the center-to-center distances between the Cu atoms of neighboring porphyrins are 10.2725 (4), 12.2540 (6), and 12.7472 (6) Å along the a, b, and c axes, respectively. The Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional (2D) fingerprint plots provide information concerning contact interactions in the supramolecular assembly of the solid crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phattananawee Nalaoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Sareeya Bureekaew
- Research Network of NANOTEC-VISTEC on Nanotechnology for Energy, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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5
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Kielmann M, Flanagan KJ, Senge MO. Targeted Synthesis of Regioisomerically Pure Dodecasubstituted Type I Porphyrins through the Exploitation of Peri-interactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7603-7610. [PMID: 32393039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A targeted synthesis of dodecasubstituted type I porphyrins that utilizes the reaction of unsymmetrical 3,4-difunctionalized pyrroles and sterically demanding aldehydes was developed. This way, type I porphyrins could be obtained as the only type isomers, likely due to a minimization of the steric strain arising from peri-interactions. Uniquely, this method does not depend on lengthy precursor syntheses, the separation of isomers, or impractical limitations of the scale. In addition, single-crystal X-ray analysis was used to elucidate the structural features of the macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Keith J Flanagan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Seyitdanlioglu P, Altundal G, Cinar S, Unaleroglu C. Selective synthesis of 5-aryl-10-(nitromethyl) substituted 15-azatripyrrane, 15-oxatripyrrane and 15-thiatripyrrane: access to nitromethyl functionalized A 3B-porphyrins. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chemical strategy toward the selective synthesis of unsymmetrical tripyrranes was developed for the building of meso-aryl and -nitromethyl substituted A3B porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seda Cinar
- Hacettepe University
- Department of Chemistry
- Beytepe 06800
- Turkey
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O. Senge M, Meindl A, A. Ryan A, J. Flanagan K. Synthesis of Long-Wavelength Absorbing Porphyrin m-Benzoic Acids as Molecular Tectons for Surface Studies. HETEROCYCLES 2017. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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