1
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Sheng X, Kroutil W, Himo F. Computational Study of the Fries Rearrangement Catalyzed by Acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300256. [PMID: 38224208 PMCID: PMC11230933 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens (PpATase) catalyzes in nature the reversible transformation of monoacetylphloroglucinol to diacetylphloroglucinol and phloroglucinol. Interestingly, this enzyme has been shown to catalyze the promiscuous transformation of 3-hydroxyphenyl acetate to 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, representing a biological version of the Fries rearrangement. In the present study, we report a mechanistic investigation of this activity of PpATase using quantum chemical calculations. A detailed mechanism is proposed, and the energy profile for the reaction is presented. The calculations show that the acylation of the enzyme is highly exothermic, while the acetyl transfer back to the substrate is only slightly exothermic. The deprotonation of the C6-H of the substrate is rate-limiting, and a remote aspartate residue (Asp137) is proposed to be the general base group in this step. Analysis of the binding energies of various acetyl acceptors shows that PpATase can promote both intramolecular and intermolecular Fries rearrangement towards diverse compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjin300308P.R. China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic BiologyNational Engineering Research Center of Industrial EnzymesTianjin300308P.R. China
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryNAWI GrazUniversity of Graz8010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealthBioTechMed Graz8010GrazAustria
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE-10691StockholmSweden
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2
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Reed JH, Seebeck FP. Reagent Engineering for Group Transfer Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311159. [PMID: 37688533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become a major driver in the innovation of preparative chemistry. Enzyme discovery, engineering and computational design have matured to reliable strategies in the development of biocatalytic processes. By comparison, substrate engineering has received much less attention. In this Minireview, we highlight the idea that the design of synthetic reagents may be an equally fruitful and complementary approach to develop novel enzyme-catalysed group transfer chemistry. This Minireview discusses key examples from the literature that illustrate how synthetic substrates can be devised to improve the efficiency, scalability and sustainability, as well as the scope of such reactions. We also provide an opinion as to how this concept might be further developed in the future, aspiring to replicate the evolutionary success story of natural group transfer reagents, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Xia Y, Zhu G, Zhang X, Li S, Du L, Zhu W. Biosynthesis of 4-Acyl-5-aminoimidazole Alkaloids Featuring a New Friedel-Crafts Acyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26308-26317. [PMID: 37983668 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Friedel-Crafts acylation (FCA) is a highly beneficial approach in organic chemistry for creating the important C-C bonds that are necessary for building intricate frameworks between aromatic substrates and an acyl group. However, there are few reports about enzyme catalyzed FCA reactions. In this study, 4-acyl-5-aminoimidazole alkaloids (AAIAs), streptimidazoles A-C (1-3), and the enantiopure (+)-nocarimidazole C (4) as well as their ribosides, streptimidazolesides A-D (5-8), were identified from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-944 or heterologous S. coelicolor M1154 mutant. The biosynthetic gene cluster (smz) was identified, and the biosynthetic pathway of AAIAs was elucidated for the first time. In vivo and in vitro studies proved the catalytic activity of the four essential genes smzB, -C, -E, and -F for AAIAs biosynthesis and clarified the biosynthetic process of the alkaloids. The ligase SmzE activates fatty acyl groups and connects them to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) holo-SmzF. Then, the acyl group is transferred onto the key residue Cys49 of SmzB, a new Friedel-Crafts acyltransferase (FCase). Subsequently, the FCA reaction between the acyl groups and 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) occurs to generate the key intermediate AAIA-nucleotides catalyzed by SmzB. Finally, the hydrolase SmzC catalyzes the N-glycosidic bond cleavage of the intermediates to form AAIAs. Structural simulation, molecular modeling, and mutational analysis of SmzB showed that Tyr26, Cys49, and Tyr93 are the key catalytic residues in the C-C bond formation of the acyl chain of AAIAs, providing mechanistic insights into the enzymatic FCA reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
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4
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Leveson‐Gower RB, Roelfes G. Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Reactions. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200636. [PMID: 36606067 PMCID: PMC9804301 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions are important methodologies in synthetic and industrial chemistry for the construction of aryl-alkyl and aryl-acyl linkages that are ubiquitous in bioactive molecules. Nature also exploits these reactions in many biosynthetic processes. Much work has been done to expand the synthetic application of these enzymes to unnatural substrates through directed evolution. The promise of such biocatalysts is their potential to supersede inefficient and toxic chemical approaches to these reactions, with mild operating conditions - the hallmark of enzymes. Complementary work has created many bio-hybrid Friedel-Crafts catalysts consisting of chemical catalysts anchored into biomolecular scaffolds, which display many of the same desirable characteristics. In this Review, we summarise these efforts, focussing on both mechanistic aspects and synthetic considerations, concluding with an overview of the frontiers of this field and routes towards more efficient and benign Friedel-Crafts reactions for the future of humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen9747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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5
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Kumar V, Turnbull WB, Kumar A. Review on Recent Developments in Biocatalysts for Friedel–Crafts Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab 151302, India
| | - W. Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Avneesh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda, Punjab 151302, India
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6
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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7
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Wang XN, Hong LL, Kong JQ. Diacerein as a Promising Acyl Donor in Biosynthetic Acetyl-CoA and Glycosyl Esters Mediated by a Multifunctional Maltose O-Acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6623-6635. [PMID: 34080854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is an important donor for acetylation modifications of nutritional supplements. The existing enzymatic methods for acetyl-CoA synthesis suffer from cofactor dependence, donor inaccessibility, and biocatalyst instability, leading to its high cost. Hence, a promising alternative is highly desired. Herein, a maltose O-acetyltransferase (MAT) with cofactor independence had been identified as a stable acetyl-CoA-synthesizing biocatalyst in a screen of the Escherichia coli genome. Under the action of MAT, an anthraquinone medicine containing two acetyl groups, diacerein, was screened as an acetyl donor. Saturation mutagenesis at Glu125 was performed to increase the acetyl-CoA-synthesizing capacity of MAT, while decreasing the accompanying hydrolase activities. A mutant MAT-E125F was thus generated and could convert diacerein and CoA into the highest yield of 3892.70 mg/L acetyl-CoA. Moreover, MAT could synthesize puerarin 6″-O-acetate and other glycosyl esters through acetyl-CoA-dependent acetylation or diacerein-based transesterification reaction. To most of the tested glycosides, the transesterification efficiency was higher than that of acetylation. The mutant MAT-E125V acquired the highest conversion of 94.0% to puerarin 6″-O-acetate through transesterification, while MAT-E125N yielded the highest conversion of 68.5% through acetylation. Taking together, the multifunctional MAT displayed a potent acetyl-CoA- and glycosyl ester-synthesizing capacity using diacerein as an acetyl donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ning Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li-Li Hong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products), Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing 100050, China
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8
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Biessy A, Filion M. Phloroglucinol Derivatives in Plant-Beneficial Pseudomonas spp.: Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Functions. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030182. [PMID: 33804595 PMCID: PMC8003664 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-beneficial Pseudomonas spp. aggressively colonize the rhizosphere and produce numerous secondary metabolites, such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG). DAPG is a phloroglucinol derivative that contributes to disease suppression, thanks to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. A famous example of this biocontrol activity has been previously described in the context of wheat monoculture where a decline in take-all disease (caused by the ascomycete Gaeumannomyces tritici) has been shown to be associated with rhizosphere colonization by DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis and regulation of phloroglucinol derivatives in the genus Pseudomonas, as well as investigate the role played by DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. in natural soil suppressiveness. We also tackle the mode of action of phloroglucinol derivatives, which can act as antibiotics, signalling molecules and, in some cases, even as pathogenicity factors. Finally, we discuss the genetic and genomic diversity of DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. as well as its importance for improving the biocontrol of plant pathogens.
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9
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Marshall JR, Mangas-Sanchez J, Turner NJ. Expanding the synthetic scope of biocatalysis by enzyme discovery and protein engineering. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Winkler C, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Power of Biocatalysis for Organic Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:55-71. [PMID: 33532569 PMCID: PMC7844857 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using defined enzymes for organic transformations, has become a common tool in organic synthesis, which is also frequently applied in industry. The generally high activity and outstanding stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity observed in many biotransformations are the result of a precise control of the reaction in the active site of the biocatalyst. This control is achieved by exact positioning of the reagents relative to each other in a fine-tuned 3D environment, by specific activating interactions between reagents and the protein, and by subtle movements of the catalyst. Enzyme engineering enables one to adapt the catalyst to the desired reaction and process. A well-filled biocatalytic toolbox is ready to be used for various reactions. Providing nonnatural reagents and conditions and evolving biocatalysts enables one to play with the myriad of options for creating novel transformations and thereby opening new, short pathways to desired target molecules. Combining several biocatalysts in one pot to perform several reactions concurrently increases the efficiency of biocatalysis even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph
K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth − University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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11
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Cervi A, Vo Y, Chai CLL, Banwell MG, Lan P, Willis AC. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation of Phenol-Derived Propiolates and Certain Related Ethers as a Route to Selectively Functionalized Coumarins and 2 H-Chromenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:178-198. [PMID: 33253562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methods are reported for the efficient assembly of a series of phenol-derived propiolates, including the parent system 56, and their Au(I)-catalyzed cyclization (intramolecular hydroarylation) to give the corresponding coumarins (e.g., 1). Simple syntheses of natural products such as ayapin (144) and scoparone (145) have been realized by such means, and the first of these subject to single-crystal X-ray analysis. A related process is described for the conversion of propargyl ethers such as 156 into the isomeric 2H-chromene precocene I (159), a naturally occurring inhibitor of juvenile hormone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Cervi
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, #07-01 Neuros, 138665, Singapore
| | - Yen Vo
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christina L L Chai
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 8 Biomedical Grove, #07-01 Neuros, 138665, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Anthony C Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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12
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Zetzsche LE, Narayan ARH. Broadening the scope of biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:334-346. [PMID: 34430708 PMCID: PMC8382263 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impeccable control over chemo-, site-, and stereoselectivity possible in enzymatic reactions has led to a surge in the development of new biocatalytic methods. Despite carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds providing the central framework for organic molecules, development of biocatalytic methods for their formation has been largely confined to the use of a select few lyases over the last several decades, limiting the types of C-C bond-forming transformations possible through biocatalytic methods. This Review provides an update on the suite of enzymes available for highly selective biocatalytic C-C bond formation. Examples will be discussed in reference to the (1) native activity of enzymes, (2) alteration of activity through protein or substrate engineering for broader applicability, and (3) utility of the biocatalyst for abiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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13
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Bugaenko DI, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. The versatility of DABCO: synthetic applications of its basic, nucleophilic, and catalytic properties. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Hammerer L, Pavkov-Keller T, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Rational Engineered C-Acyltransferase Transforms Sterically Demanding Acyl Donors. ACS Catal 2020; 10:1094-1101. [PMID: 32030315 PMCID: PMC6996649 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation has been identified recently for the acetylation of resorcinol using activated acetic acid esters for the synthesis of acetophenone derivatives catalyzed by an acyltransferase. Because the wild-type enzyme is limited to acetic and propionic derivatives as the substrate, variants were designed to extend the substrate scope of this enzyme. By rational protein engineering, the key residue in the active site was identified which can be replaced to allow binding of bulkier acyl moieties. The single-point variant F148V enabled the transformation of previously inaccessible medium chain length alkyl and alkoxyalkyl carboxylic esters as donor substrates with up to 99% conversion and up to >99% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lucas Hammerer
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstrasse
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute
of Molecular Biosciences, University of
Graz, Humboldtstrasse
50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz,
BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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15
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Sheng X, Kazemi M, Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Kroutil W, Himo F. Mechanism of Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Acylation by Acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens. ACS Catal 2020; 10:570-577. [PMID: 31929947 PMCID: PMC6945686 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Acyltransferases isolated from Pseudomonas
protegens (PpATase) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (PfATase)
have recently been reported to catalyze
the Friedel–Crafts acylation, providing a biological version
of this classical organic reaction. These enzymes catalyze the cofactor-independent
acylation of monoacetylphloroglucinol (MAPG) to diacetylphloroglucinol
(DAPG) and phloroglucinol (PG) and have been demonstrated to have
a wide substrate scope, making them valuable for potential applications
in biocatalysis. Herein, we present a detailed reaction mechanism
of PpATase on the basis of quantum chemical calculations,
employing a large model of the active site. The proposed mechanism
is consistent with available kinetics, mutagenesis, and structural
data. The roles of various active site residues are analyzed. Very
importantly, the Asp137 residue, located more than 10 Å from
the substrate, is predicted to be the proton source for the protonation
of the substrate in the rate-determining step. This key prediction
is corroborated by site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Based on
the current calculations, the regioselectivity of PpATase and its specificity toward non-natural substrates can be rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Schultz EE, Braffman NR, Luescher MU, Hager HH, Balskus EP. Biocatalytic Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Using a Promiscuous Biosynthetic Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica E. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry Lake Forest College 555 Sheridan Rd Lake Forest IL 60045 USA
| | - Nathaniel R. Braffman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Michael U. Luescher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Harry H. Hager
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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17
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Schultz EE, Braffman NR, Luescher MU, Hager HH, Balskus EP. Biocatalytic Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Using a Promiscuous Biosynthetic Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3151-3155. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica E. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry Lake Forest College 555 Sheridan Rd Lake Forest IL 60045 USA
| | - Nathaniel R. Braffman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Michael U. Luescher
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Harry H. Hager
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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Żądło‐Dobrowolska A, Schmidt NG, Kroutil W. Thioesters as Acyl Donors in Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts-type Acylation Catalyzed by Acyltransferase from Pseudomonas Protegens. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:1064-1068. [PMID: 31423289 PMCID: PMC6686624 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of aromatic compounds by acylation has considerable significance in synthetic organic chemistry. As an alternative to chemical Friedel-Crafts acylation, the C-acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens has been found to catalyze C-C bond formation with non-natural resorcinol substrates. Extending the scope of acyl donors, it is now shown that the enzyme is also able to catalyze C-S bond cleavage prior to C-C bond formation, thus aliphatic and aromatic thioesters can be used as acyl donors. It is worth to mention that this reaction can be performed in aqueous buffer. Identifying ethyl thioacetate as the most suitable acetyl donor, the products were obtained with up to >99 % conversion and up to 88 % isolated yield without using additional base additives; this represents a significant advancement to prior protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina G. Schmidt
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazGraz8010Austria
- ACIB GmbHGraz8010Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazGraz8010Austria
- ACIB GmbHGraz8010Austria
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Pavkov-Keller T, Schmidt NG, Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Kroutil W, Gruber K. Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of a Bacterial Friedel-Crafts Acylase. Chembiochem 2019; 20:88-95. [PMID: 30318713 PMCID: PMC6392133 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
C-C bond-forming reactions are key transformations for setting up the carbon frameworks of organic compounds. In this context, Friedel-Crafts acylation is commonly used for the synthesis of aryl ketones, which are common motifs in many fine chemicals and natural products. A bacterial multicomponent acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens (PpATase) catalyzes such Friedel-Crafts C-acylation of phenolic substrates in aqueous solution, reaching up to >99 % conversion without the need for CoA-activated reagents. We determined X-ray crystal structures of the native and ligand-bound complexes. This multimeric enzyme consists of three subunits: PhlA, PhlB, and PhlC, arranged in a Phl(A2 C2 )2 B4 composition. The structure of a reaction intermediate obtained from crystals soaked with the natural substrate 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone together with site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that only residues from the PhlC subunits are involved in the acyl transfer reaction, with Cys88 very likely playing a significant role during catalysis. These structural and mechanistic insights form the basis of further enzyme engineering efforts directed towards enhancing the substrate scope of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina G Schmidt
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Schmidt NG, Kroutil W. Promiscuous activity of C-acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens: synthesis of acetanilides in aqueous buffer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3387-3390. [PMID: 29553154 PMCID: PMC5885802 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00290h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A C-acyltransferase was found to show promiscuous activity catalyzing C–N bond formation in aqueous buffer instead of C–C bond formation.
Amide bond formation has considerable significance in synthetic chemistry. Although the C-acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens has been found to catalyze C–C bond formation in nature as well as in in vitro experiments with non-natural substrates, it is now shown that the enzyme is also able to catalyze amide formation using aniline derivatives as substrates with promiscuous activity. Importantly, the amide formation was enabled in aqueous buffer. Identifying phenyl acetate as the most suitable acetyl donor, the products were obtained with up to >99% conversion and up to 99% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria.
| | - Nina G Schmidt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria. and Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, acib GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria. and Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, acib GmbH, Graz, Austria
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Hill RA, Sutherland A. Hot off the press. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:132-136. [PMID: 29350723 DOI: 10.1039/c7np90051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A personal selection of 32 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products such as illisimonin A from Illicium simonsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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