1
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Nie N, Zhao Z, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang Y. A Proline-Based Artificial Enzyme That Favors Aldol Condensation Enables Facile Synthesis of Aliphatic Ketones via Tandem Catalysis. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1100-1104. [PMID: 38587465 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A proline-based artificial enzyme is prepared by grafting the l-proline moieties onto the surface of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The artificial enzyme, the BSA-PolyProline conjugate, prefers to catalyze the formation of unsaturated ketones rather than β-hydroxy ketones in the reaction between acetone and aldehydes, which is difficult to achieve in free-proline catalysis. The altered reaction selectivity is ascribed to the locally concentrated l-proline moieties surrounding the BSA molecule, indicating a microenvironmental effect-induced switching of the reaction mechanism. Taking advantage of this selectivity, we used this artificial enzyme in conjunction with a natural enzyme, old yellow enzyme 1 (OYE1), to demonstrate a simple synthesis of different aliphatic ketones from acetone and aldehydes via tandem catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ziye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunting Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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2
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Regioselective transformation of terminal and internal alkynes into α,α-difluoro ketones under mild conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Zhu YY, Liu S, Huang Y, Qing FL, Xu XH. Photoredox catalyzed difluoro(phenylthio)methylation of 2,3-allenoic acids with {difluoro(phenylthio)methyl}triphenylphosphonium triflate. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Synthesis of 3-((trifluoromethyl)thio)indoles via trifluoromethylthiolation of 2-alkynyl azidoarenes with AgSCF3. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Prakoso NI, Matsuda F, Umezawa T. Efficient synthesis of α,β-dichlorinated ketones from α,β-dichlorinated Weinreb amides through a simple work-up procedure. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7822-7826. [PMID: 34549216 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01379c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of α,β-dichlorinated ketones from α,β-dichlorinated Weinreb amides is described. Quenching with nonaqueous HCl avoided side reactions associated with typical work-up procedures. The amide reacted with various nucleophiles to give the corresponding ketones in high yields. A novel reactivity of the Weinreb amide is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcahyo Iman Prakoso
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. .,Chemistry Department, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fuyuhiko Matsuda
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Taiki Umezawa
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5 Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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6
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Ispizua-Rodriguez X, Munoz SB, Krishnamurti V, Mathew T, Prakash GKS. Direct Synthesis of Tri-/Difluoromethyl Ketones from Carboxylic Acids by Cross-Coupling with Acyloxyphosphonium Ions. Chemistry 2021; 27:15908-15913. [PMID: 34469605 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward approach to the synthesis of trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl ketones from widely available carboxylic acids is disclosed. The transformation utilizes an acyloxyphosphonium ion as the active electrophile, conveniently generated in situ from the carboxylic acid substrate by using commodity chemicals. The utility of the reaction system is exemplified by its chemoselectivity, with tolerance to a variety of important functional groups. The late-stage functionalization of carboxylic acid active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutically relevant compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanath Ispizua-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - Socrates B Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 322 CBC Bldg, Manhattan, KS66506-0401, USA
| | - Vinayak Krishnamurti
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - Thomas Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - G K S Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
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7
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Box JR, Atkins AP, Lennox AJJ. Direct electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones enabled by non-protic conditions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10252-10258. [PMID: 34377412 PMCID: PMC8336478 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CF2H groups are unique due to the combination of their lipophilic and hydrogen bonding properties. The strength of H-bonding is determined by the group to which it is appended. Several functional groups have been explored in this context including O, S, SO and SO2 to tune the intermolecular interaction. Difluoromethyl ketones are under-studied in this context, without a broadly accessible method for their preparation. Herein, we describe the development of an electrochemical hydrodefluorination of readily accessible trifluoromethylketones. The single-step reaction at deeply reductive potentials is uniquely amenable to challenging electron-rich substrates and reductively sensitive functionality. Key to this success is the use of non-protic conditions enabled by an ammonium salt that serves as a reductively stable, masked proton source. Analysis of their H-bonding has revealed difluoromethyl ketones to be potentially highly useful dual H-bond donor/acceptor moieties. The electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones under non-protic conditions make this single-step reaction at deeply reductive potentials uniquely amenable to challenging electron-rich substrates and reductively sensitive functionalities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Box
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alexander P Atkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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8
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Liu C, Zhu C, Cai Y, Jiang H. Solvent-Switched Oxidation Selectivities with O 2 : Controlled Synthesis of α-Difluoro(thio)methylated Alcohols and Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12038-12045. [PMID: 33704886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The solvent-switched hydroxylation and oxygenation of α-difluoro(thio)methylated carbanions with molecular oxygen under mild conditions are reported. This strategy tames the redox reactions of the in situ generated hydroperoxy difluoromethylsulfides, in which solvent-bonding can alter their reactivity and switch the oxidation selectivities. These controllable three-component reactions of gem-difluoroalkenes, thiols and molecular oxygen afford various useful α-difluoro(thio)methylated alcohols and ketones in high yields. Significantly, this protocol has been applied in the synthesis different bioactive molecules. Mechanism studies enable the detection of the hydroperoxy difluoromethylsulfide intermediates and exclude the thiol-based radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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9
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Liu C, Zhu C, Cai Y, Jiang H. Solvent‐Switched Oxidation Selectivities with O
2
: Controlled Synthesis of α‐Difluoro(thio)methylated Alcohols and Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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10
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Day DP, Vargas JAM, Burtoloso ACB. Synthetic Routes Towards the Synthesis of Geminal α-Difunctionalized Ketones. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2837-2854. [PMID: 33533538 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of gem-difunctionalized ketones is represented by their broad applications across chemical boundaries over recent years. The interesting reactivities that this class of compounds possess have made them ideal building blocks to access high-value organic molecules. Furthermore, the gem-difunctionalized ketone moiety has featured in numerous bioactive molecules. For these reasons, a plethora of routes to access such significant molecules have been developed by research groups worldwide - this account looks at delineating the synthesis of gem-difunctionalized ketones from carbonyl substrates, diazo compounds, sulfur ylides and alkynyl reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Day
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Jorge A M Vargas
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.,Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Calle 5 # 62-00 Campus Pampalinda, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Antonio C B Burtoloso
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
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11
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Radical coupling of arylthiodifluoroacetic acids and ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents to access arylthiodifluoromethylated alkynes. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Dong X, Ma P, Zhang T, Jalani HB, Li G, Lu H. Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Amination of Weinreb Amides: A Facile Pathway toward Anilines and Quinazolin-2,4-diones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13096-13107. [PMID: 32969226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
C-H amination of arenes directed by weakly coordinating Weinreb amides has been achieved with an iridium catalyst and 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) azide as an aminating agent, providing a robust method of producing synthetic useful ortho-TrocNH aryl Weinreb amides. Taking advantage of the reactivity of Weinreb amide and Troc groups in the amination products, selective hydrolysis was achieved as an attractive process for the synthesis of ortho-NH2 aryl Weinreb amides, which are the building blocks useful in the synthesis of bioactive compounds, and cascade aminocyclization with primary amines was successful and provided an efficient pathway for the construction of quinazolin-2,4-diones, which are present in various alkaloids and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunqing Dong
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hitesh B Jalani
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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13
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Johansen MB, Gedde OR, Mayer TS, Skrydstrup T. Access to Aryl and Heteroaryl Trifluoromethyl Ketones from Aryl Bromides and Fluorosulfates with Stoichiometric CO. Org Lett 2020; 22:4068-4072. [PMID: 32391697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a sequential one-pot preparation of aromatic trifluoromethyl ketones starting from readily accessible aryl bromides and fluorosulfates, the latter easily prepared from the corresponding phenols. The methodology utilizes low pressure carbon monoxide generated ex situ from COgen to generate Weinreb amides as reactive intermediates that undergo monotrifluoromethylation affording the corresponding aromatic trifluoromethyl ketones (TFMKs) in good yields. The stoichiometric use of CO enables the possibility for accessing 13C-isotopically labeled TFMK by switching to the use of 13COgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Johansen
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Åbogade 40, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Oliver R Gedde
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thea S Mayer
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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14
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Krishnamurti V, Barrett C, Ispizua-Rodriguez X, Coe M, Prakash GKS. Aqueous Base Promoted O-Difluoromethylation of Carboxylic Acids with TMSCF2Br: Bench-Top Access to Difluoromethyl Esters. Org Lett 2019; 21:9377-9380. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Krishnamurti
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Colby Barrett
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Xanath Ispizua-Rodriguez
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Matthew Coe
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - G. K. Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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15
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Miele M, Citarella A, Micale N, Holzer W, Pace V. Direct and Chemoselective Synthesis of Tertiary Difluoroketones via Weinreb Amide Homologation with a CHF 2-Carbene Equivalent. Org Lett 2019; 21:8261-8265. [PMID: 31599599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The homologation of Weinreb amides into difluoromethylketones with a formal nucleophilic CHF2 transfer agent is reported. Activating TMSCHF2 with potassium tert-amylate enables a convenient access to the difluorinated homologation reagent, which adds to the acylating partners. The high chemoselectivity showcased in the presence of variously multifunctionalized Weinreb amides, jointly with uniformly high yields, enables the strategy of general applicability without requiring any stabilization element for the putative carbanion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Miele
- University of Vienna , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Althanstrasse, 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Andrea Citarella
- University of Vienna , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Althanstrasse, 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria.,University of Messina , Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy
| | - Nicola Micale
- University of Messina , Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Althanstrasse, 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna , Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Althanstrasse, 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
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16
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Wang MM, Sui GH, Cui XC, Wang H, Qu JP, Kang YB. Radical α,β-Dehydrogenation of Saturated Amides via α-Oxidation with TEMPO under Transition Metal-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8267-8274. [PMID: 31188594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal-free radical process for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of saturated amides under mild conditions is developed. Utilizing radical activation strategy, the challenging issue associated with the low α-acidity of amides is resolved. For the first time, α,β-unsaturated Weinreb amides and acrylamides could be efficiently prepared directly from corresponding saturated amides. Mechanistic studies confirm the radical nature of this transformation. Two gram scale α,β-dehydrogenation have also been performed to demonstrate the utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Guo-Hui Sui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Xian-Chao Cui
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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