1
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Rafik A, Jaddi A, Salah M, Komiha N, Carvajal M, Marakchi K. Insights into the mechanism, selectivity, and substituent effects in the Diels-Alder reaction of azatrienes with electron-rich dienophiles: An MEDT study. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 132:108819. [PMID: 39029284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity and mechanistic intricacies of azatrienes in Diels-Alder reactions have been relatively unexplored despite their intriguing potential applications. In this study, we employ Molecular Electron Density Theory to theoretically investigate the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction involving azatrienes with ethyl vinyl ether and allenyl methyl ether. Analysis of Conceptual Density Functional Theory, energetic profiles, and the topological characteristics is conducted to elucidate the reactions. The revealed mechanism manifests as a polar one-step two-stages process under kinetic control. We establish a clear relationship of between the periselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity on one hand and the characteristics of the reactions mechanism on the other hand. The influence of weak interactions on reaction activation barriers and bonding evolution are discussed in detail. We demonstrate that substituents enhancing the reverse electron density flux facilitate the feasibility of the reactions. The results lay ground for a meticulous control of the reaction of azatriene in similar synthetic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Rafik
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Departamento de Ciencias Integradas, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Física, Matemática y Computación, Unidad Asociada GIFMAN, CSIC-UHU, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, 21071, Spain
| | - Abdeljabbar Jaddi
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Salah
- Molecular Modelling and Spectroscopy Research Team, Faculty of Science, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 20, 24000, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Najia Komiha
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Miguel Carvajal
- Departamento de Ciencias Integradas, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Física, Matemática y Computación, Unidad Asociada GIFMAN, CSIC-UHU, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, 21071, Spain
| | - Khadija Marakchi
- Laboratory of Spectroscopy, Molecular Modeling, Materials, Nanomaterials, Water and Environment, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
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2
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M. Revealing the Critical Role of Global Electron Density Transfer in the Reaction Rate of Polar Organic Reactions within Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2024; 29:1870. [PMID: 38675690 PMCID: PMC11053847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The critical role of global electron density transfer (GEDT) in increasing the reaction rate of polar organic reactions has been studied within the framework of Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). To this end, the series of the polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reactions of cyclopentadiene with cyanoethylene derivatives, for which experimental kinetic data are available, have been chosen. A complete linear correlation between the computed activation Gibbs free energies and the GEDT taking place at the polar transition state structures (TSs) is found; the higher the GEDT at the TS, the lower the activation Gibbs free energy. An interacting quantum atoms energy partitioning analysis allows for establishing a complete linear correlation between the electronic stabilization of the electrophilic ethylene frameworks and the GEDT taking place at the polar TSs. This finding supports Parr's proposal for the definition of the electrophilicity ω index. The present MEDT study establishes the critical role of the GEDT in the acceleration of polar reactions, since the electronic stabilization of the electrophilic framework with the electron density gain is greater than the destabilization of the nucleophilic one, making a net favorable electronic contribution to the decrease in the activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Emamian S, Soleymani M. Synthesis of tetrazoles through a domino reaction: A molecular electron density theory study of energetics, selectivities, and molecular mechanistic aspects. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 125:108596. [PMID: 37597310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
This study corresponds to a molecular electron density theory (MEDT) investigation to shed light on the energetics, selectivities, and molecular mechanistic aspects of an experimental domino reaction. Theoretical evidences at the M06-2X/6-31G(d) level indicates that this domino reaction includes three different successive steps and is initialized by a stepwise HCl elimination from precursor chlorohydrazone NPCH to yield nitrile imine NI-2. A subsequent stepwise and highly regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of NI-2 toward tetramethylguanidine TMG-3 affords corresponding formal [3 + 2] cycloadduct CA-1 as the sole product. Finally, a stepwise HNMe2 elimination experienced by CA-1 leads to amino triazole ATA as an aromatic five-membered target product. Computed rate constants reveal that the HCl elimination step should be considered as the bottleneck of this domino reaction. However, a topological analysis of electron localization function (ELF) of NI-2 demonstrates a zwitterionic type (zw-type) 32 C A reaction is expected between NI-2 and TMG-3. This 32CA reaction also displays an almost noticeable polar character arising from moderate electrophilicity and strong nucleophilicity of NI-2 and TMG-3, respectively. The regioselectivity of 32CA reaction can be explained via analysis of Parr functions values calculated at the reactive sites of reagents. The molecular mechanism of the 32CA reaction was explored through portraying bond forming/breaking patterns involved in this polar, stepwise, and zw-type reaction by means of the ELF analysis. Indeed, formation of both C-N single bonds along the first and second steps takes place through coupling of the corresponding pseudoradical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.
| | - Mousa Soleymani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
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4
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Woliński P, Kącka-Zych A, Wróblewska A, Wielgus E, Dolot R, Jasiński R. Fully Selective Synthesis of Spirocyclic-1,2-oxazine N-Oxides via Non-Catalysed Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions with the Participation of Cyanofunctionalysed Conjugated Nitroalkenes. Molecules 2023; 28:4586. [PMID: 37375141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hetero Diels-Alder (HDA) reactions with the participation of E-2-aryl-1-cyano-1-nitroethenes and methylenecyclopentane were evaluated on the basis of experimental as well as quantumchemical data. It was found that contrary to most known HDA reactions, title processes are realised under non-catalytic conditions and with full regiocontrol. The DFT study shows, without any doubt, the polar but single-step reaction mechanism. Deeper exploration using Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) techniques gives a clear image of the sequences of electron density reorganisation along the reaction coordinate. The first C4-C5 bond is created in phase VII by merging two monosynaptic basins, while the second O1-C6 bond is created in the last phase by a donation of the nonbonding electron density of O1 to C6. Based on the research, we can conclude that the analysed reaction proceeds according to a two-stage one-step mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Woliński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wielgus
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Dolot
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
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5
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Guerra C, Ayarde‐Henríquez L, Chamorro E, Ensuncho A. Uncovering Triradicaloid Structures in S
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Benzene Photochemistry**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andrés Bello Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C) and Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Avenida República 275 8370146 Santiago de Chile Chile
- Universidad de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Básicas Grupo de Química Computacional Carrera 6 No. 77–305 Montería Córdoba Colombia
| | - Leandro Ayarde‐Henríquez
- Universidad Andrés Bello Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C) and Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Avenida República 275 8370146 Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andrés Bello Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C) and Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Avenida República 275 8370146 Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Adolfo Ensuncho
- Universidad de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Básicas Grupo de Química Computacional Carrera 6 No. 77–305 Montería Córdoba Colombia
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6
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Kula K, Łapczuk A, Sadowski M, Kras J, Zawadzińska K, Demchuk OM, Gaurav GK, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. On the Question of the Formation of Nitro-Functionalized 2,4-Pyrazole Analogs on the Basis of Nitrylimine Molecular Systems and 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-Nitroprop-1-Ene. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238409. [PMID: 36500503 PMCID: PMC9739753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical studies on the reaction between (E)-3,3,3-trichloro-1-nitroprop-1-ene and N-(4-bromophenyl)-C-arylnitrylimine were performed. It was found that the title process unexpectedly led to 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-phenyl-5-nitropyrazole instead of the expected Δ2-pyrazoline molecular system. This was the result of a unique CHCl3 elimination process. The observed mechanism of transformation was explained in the framework of the molecular electron density theory (MEDT). The theoretical results showed that both of the possible channels of [3 + 2] cycloaddition were favorable from a kinetic point of view, due to which the creation of 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-aryl-4-tricholomethyl-5-nitro-Δ2-pyrazoline was more probable. On the other hand, according to the experimental data, the presented reactions occurred with full regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kula
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (A.Ł.); (R.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Łapczuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (A.Ł.); (R.J.)
| | - Mikołaj Sadowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jowita Kras
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Zawadzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Oleg M. Demchuk
- Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynow 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Gajendra Kumar Gaurav
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory—SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology—VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616-69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (A.Ł.); (R.J.)
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7
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Liu Q, Yoshikawa I, Kudo K. Synthesis of 2-trifluoromethylated 3-pyrrolines/pyrrolidines via [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with the participation of 3,3,3-trifluoroalanine. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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8
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Soleymani M, Emamian S. A molecular electron density theory study on the Chichibabin reaction: The origin of regioselectivity. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 116:108240. [PMID: 35675725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) study was performed on the nucleophilic amination of pyridine and benzene to elucidate the observed regioselectivity in the Chichibabin reaction. For this purpose, three possible reaction paths were considered between NaNH2 and the 2-, 3- and 4-positions of pyridine. The reaction of NaNH2 and benzene was also investigated. The results indicated that in each reaction, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the NH2‾ ion toward the aromatic system to produce an anionic intermediate. The second step, proceeds via hydride elimination of the anionic intermediate to produce the corresponding aromatic amine. This step is more favourable both kinetically and thermodynamically for the reaction at the 2-position of pyridine relative to the 4-position. In contrast to the Parr functions analysis which indicates that the 4-position is activated more electrophilically in pyridine, the PES analysis reveals that the 2-position attack with the NH2‾ ion is more favourable both thermodynamically and kinetically. The results for the reaction of sodium amide and benzene indicated that this reaction is not feasible due to the high activation barriers. In consistent with the experimental results, the ELF analysis indicated that in the first step of the reaction between pyridine and sodium amide, the formation of the C2-N bond takes place via a pseudoradical coupling between the C2 carbon atom of pyridine and the N atom of NaNH2. These variations occur in the second-half of the first step of the reaction. NCI analysis on the reaction revealed that the more attractive forces between the fragments, make the transition states for the 2-position attack more stable relative to the others. Thus, the NCI analysis can satisfactorily describe the observed regioselectivity in the Chichibabin reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Soleymani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
| | - Saeedreza Emamian
- Chemistry Department, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran.
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9
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Mechanistic aspects of the Diels-Alder reaction between (E)-N-benzylidene-2,2-difluoro-1-phenylethenamine and 2-vinyl pyridine: A molecular electron density theory study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Unveiling the Chemistry of Higher-Order Cycloaddition Reactions within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher-order cycloaddition (HOCA) reaction of tropone with cyclopentadiene (Cp) has been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. The Electron Localization Function (ELF) analysis of the electronic structure of tropone and Cp characterizes the structural behaviors of the two conjugated unsaturated systems, while the conceptual DFT reactivity indices classify tropone as a strong electrophile and Cp as a strong nucleophile participating in polar cycloaddition reactions of reverse electron density flux. Eight competitive reaction paths have been characterized for this cycloaddition reaction. The most favorable one allowing the formation of the formal out [6 + 4] cycloadduct has an activation enthalpy of 16.2 kcal·mol−1, and the reaction is exothermic by −21.4 kcal·mol−1. This HOCA reaction, which takes place through a non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism, presents high stereo-, pseudocyclic- and regioselectivities, explaining the exclusive formation of the experimental [6 + 4] cycloadduct. While the most favorable nucleophilic attack of Cp on most electrophilic C2 positions of tropone accounts for regioselectivities, the favorable electrostatic interactions present between the Cp framework and the negatively charged O8 oxygen of tropone account for the stereo- and pseudocyclic selectivities. Despite the symmetry of the two reagents, this HOCA reaction takes place via a highly asynchronous transition state structure as a consequence of the most favorable two-center interactions taking place between the electrophilic C2 center of tropone and the nucleophilic C9 center of Cp.
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11
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Assunta Chiacchio M, Iannazzo D, Giofrè SV, Romeo R, Legnani L. Ruthenium Tetroxide Oxidation of N-Methyl-Isoxazolidine: Computational Mechanistic Study. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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12
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A theoretical investigation of the regio- and stereoselectivities of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between ethyl vinyl ether and substituted α-alkoxynitrones. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Zeng L, Lei Q, Rao W, Gao L. Catalytic Diastereoselective Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction of α-Haloacroleins with Alkenes: Construction of 3,4-Dihydropyran. Org Lett 2022; 24:2115-2119. [PMID: 35266718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this Letter, a catalytic diastereoselective hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of α-haloacroleins with less polarized alkenes was developed, and the resulting 3,4-dihydropyrans were produced in high yields with a broad substate scope. Mechanism studies showed that 3,4-dihydropyran was produced from the ring expansion of cyclobutane, which was generated in the ring contraction of the initially formed unstable 3,4-dihydropyran conformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Weidong Rao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lizhu Gao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Advanced Manufacturing, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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14
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Abstract
Carbon–carbon bond formation by [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement is a fundamental and powerful method that has been used to build organic molecules for a long time. Initially, Claisen and Cope rearrangements proceeded at high temperatures with limited scopes. By introducing catalytic systems, highly functionalized substrates have become accessible for forming complex structures under mild conditions, and asymmetric synthesis can be achieved by using chiral catalytic systems. This review describes recent breakthroughs in catalytic [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements since 2016. Detailed reaction mechanisms are discussed to enable an understanding of the reactivity and selectivity of the reactions. Finally, this review is inspires the development of new cascade reaction pathways employing catalytic [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement as related methodologies for the synthesis of complex functional molecules.
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15
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the higher-order cycloaddition reactions of tropone with electron-rich ethylenes. The role of the Lewis acid catalyst in the mechanism and pseudocyclic selectivity. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Weak attractive/repulsive electronic interactions control the [4+2]/[8+2] pseudocyclic selectivity in Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of tropone with nucleophilic ethylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Av. República 498, 8370146, Chile
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16
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. Understanding the higher–order cycloaddition reactions of heptafulvene, tropone, and its nitrogen derivatives, with electrophilic and nucleophilic ethylenes inside the molecular electron density theory. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01540d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity and selectivity in higher–order cycloadditions of cycloheptatrienes A–D with ethylenes E–G are studied within the MEDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Av. República 498, 8370146, Chile
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17
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Bianchi P, Monbaliu JCM. Three decades of unveiling the complex chemistry of C-nitroso species with computational chemistry. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review revisits the complex reactivity of C-nitroso derivatives through the synergistic combination of computational and synthetic organic chemistry, with an emphasis on the rationalization of mechanisms and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
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18
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Kilaj A, Wang J, Straňák P, Schwilk M, Rivero U, Xu L, von Lilienfeld OA, Küpper J, Willitsch S. Conformer-specific polar cycloaddition of dibromobutadiene with trapped propene ions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6047. [PMID: 34663806 PMCID: PMC8523519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diels–Alder cycloadditions are efficient routes for the synthesis of cyclic organic compounds. There has been a long-standing discussion whether these reactions proceed via stepwise or concerted mechanisms. Here, we adopt an experimental approach to explore the mechanism of the model polar cycloaddition of 2,3-dibromo-1,3-butadiene with propene ions by probing its conformational specificities in the entrance channel under single-collision conditions in the gas phase. Combining a conformationally controlled molecular beam with trapped ions, we find that both conformers of the diene, gauche and s-trans, are reactive with capture-limited reaction rates. Aided by quantum-chemical and quantum-capture calculations, this finding is rationalised by a simultaneous competition of concerted and stepwise reaction pathways, revealing an interesting mechanistic borderline case. Identifying a concerted or stepwise mechanism in Diels–Alder reactions is experimentally challenging. Here the authors demonstrate the coexistence of both mechanisms in the reaction of 2,3-dibromobuta-1,3-diene with propene ions, using a conformationally controlled molecular beam reacting with trapped ions and ab initio computations
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardita Kilaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jia Wang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrik Straňák
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Schwilk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Uxía Rivero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - O Anatole von Lilienfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany. .,Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Willitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Soleymani M, Chegeni M, Mohammadi E. BF3-catalyzed oxa-Diels–Alder reaction of ethyl vinyl sulfide and β-methyl-α-phenylacrolein: a molecular electron density theory study. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Domingo LR, Mazarei E, Seif A, Ríos-Gutiérez M, Zahedi E, Ahmadi TS. Closer Investigation of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Spirovinylcyclopropyl Oxindole Reaction with 3Σ -g-O 2 by Topological Approaches and Unraveling the Role of the I 2 Catalyst. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6913-6926. [PMID: 34369789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation at the MN15L/Def2-TZVP level of theory, we present computational evidence indicating that the reaction of 3Σ-g-O2 with spirovinylcyclopropyl oxindole (2) leads to a product called spiro-1,2-dioxolane (2) in its singlet state; this reaction occurs via a stepwise mechanism and its rate-determining step is catalyzed by iodine radicals, which promotes opening of the three-membered ring under dark conditions. The conversion of 2 to 1-benzylindoline-2,3-dione (3) and 2-vinyloxirane (4) takes place via a concerted and slightly asynchronous reaction. Both electron localization function and AIM topological analysis reveal that the step associated with the attack of the 3Σ-g-O2 molecule on the intermediate 3MC characterizes the formation of the only new O2-C3 single bond, which occurs in a stepwise mechanism, in contrast to the Δg-O2 reaction with 15 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elham Mazarei
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ahmad Seif
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 14696-69191
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ehsan Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran 36199-43189
| | - Temer S Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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21
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Unveiling the Different Reactivity of Bent and Linear Three-Atom-Components Participating in [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of a series of pairs of bent and linear three-atom-component (B-TACs and L-TACs) participating in [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions towards ethylene and electrophilic dicyanoethylene (DCE) have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. While the pseudodiradical structure of B-TACs changes to that of pseudoradical or carbenoid L-TACs upon dehydrogenation, zwitterionic B-TACs remain unchanged. Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) indices characterize five of the nine TACs as strong nucleophiles participating in polar reactions towards electrophilic ethylenes. The activation energies of the 32CA reactions with electrophilic DCE range from 0.5 to 22.0 kcal·mol−1, being between 4.3 and 9.1 kcal·mol−1 lower than those with ethylene. In general, B-TACs are more reactive than their L-TAC counterparts. A change in the regioselectivity is found in these polar 32CA reactions; in general, while B-TACs are meta regioselective, L-TACs are ortho regioselective. The geometrical parameters of the transition state structures suggest that the formation of the single bond involving the most electrophilic carbon of DCE is more advanced. A change in the asynchronicity in the reactions involving B-TACs and L-TACs is also found.
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22
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Unveiling the Intramolecular Ionic Diels–Alder Reactions within Molecular Electron Density Theory. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intramolecular ionic Diels–Alder (IIDA) reactions of two dieniminiums were studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p) computational level. Topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) of dieniminiums showed that their electronic structures can been seen as the sum of those of butadiene and ethaniminium. The superelectrophilic character of dieniminiums accounts for the high intramolecular global electron density transfer taking place from the diene framework to the iminium one at the transition state structures (TSs) of these IIDA reactions, which are classified as the forward electro density flux. The activation enthalpy associated with the IIDA reaction of the experimental dieniminium, 8.7 kcal·mol−1, was closer to that of the ionic Diels–Alder (I-DA) reaction between butadiene and ethaniminium, 9.3 kcal·mol−1. However, the activation Gibbs free energy of the IIDA reaction was 12.7 kcal·mol−1 lower than that of the intermolecular I-DA reaction. The strong exergonic character of the IIDA reaction, higher than 20.5 kcal·mol−1, makes the reaction irreversible. These IIDA reactions present a total re/exo and si/endo diastereoselectivity, which is controlled by the most favorable chair conformation of the tetramethylene chain. ELF topological analysis of the single bond formation indicated that these IIDA reactions take place through a non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism. Finally, ELF and atoms-in-molecules (AIM) topological analyses of the TS associated with the inter and intramolecular processes showed the great similarity between them.
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23
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Aurell MJ. Unveiling the Ionic Diels-Alder Reactions within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2021; 26:3638. [PMID: 34198640 PMCID: PMC8232178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionic Diels-Alder (I-DA) reactions of a series of six iminium cations with cyclopentadiene have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). The superelectrophilic character of iminium cations, ω > 8.20 eV, accounts for the high reactivity of these species participating in I-DA reactions. The activation energies are found to be between 13 and 20 kcal·mol-1 lower in energy than those associated with the corresponding Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of neutral imines. These reactions are low endo selective as a consequence of the cationic character of the TSs, but highly regioselective. Solvents have poor effects on the relative energies, and an unappreciable effect on the geometries. In acetonitrile, the activation energies increase slightly as a consequence of the better solvation of the iminium cations than the cationic TSs. Electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis of the bonding changes along the I-DA reactions shows that they are very similar to those in polar DA reactions. The present MEDT study establishes that the global electron density transfer (GEDT) taking place at the TSs of I-DA reactions, and not steric (Pauli) repulsions such as have been recently proposed, are responsible for the features of these types of DA reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (M.J.A.)
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24
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Zouaghi MO, Doggui MY, Arfaoui Y. Regio- and stereoselectivity of the [3+2] cycloaddition of nitrones with methyl-acetophenone: A DFT investigation. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 107:107960. [PMID: 34126545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical study of the regio- and stereoselectivities of the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with substituted alkene (methyl acetophenone) is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and carried out at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The reactivity of these cycloadditions is rationalized by FMO model, activation energy calculations, and philicity indexes. The electronic populations have been calculated from natural orbital, which based on charges by using NBO analysis, MK and CHelpG electrostatic population. The four possible pathways, fused and bridged regioisomeric modes, and the two stereoisomeric approaches endo and exo for the cycloaddition reactions are analyzed and discussed. Analysis of TS geometries and bond lengths demonstrate that these reactions follow a one-step mechanism with asynchronous transition states. The activation energy indicated a favored endo approach along the four reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Oussama Zouaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications and Modeling of Materials LR18ES08, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Yassine Doggui
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications and Modeling of Materials LR18ES08, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Arfaoui
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Characterizations, Applications and Modeling of Materials LR18ES08, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia.
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25
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Ayarde-Henríquez L, Guerra C, Duque-Noreña M, Rincón E, Pérez P, Chamorro E. Are There Only Fold Catastrophes in the Diels-Alder Reaction Between Ethylene and 1,3-Butadiene? J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5152-5165. [PMID: 33977708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work revisits the topological characterization of the Diels-Alder reaction between 1,3-butadiene and ethylene. In contrast to the currently accepted rationalization, we here provide strong evidence in support of a representation in terms of seven structural stability domains separated by a sequence of 10 elementary catastrophes, but all are only of the fold type (F and F†), that is, C4H6 + C2H4:1-7-[FF]F[F†F†][F†F†][FF]F†-0: C6H10. Such an unexpected finding provides fundamental new insights opening simplifying perspectives concerning the rationalization of the CC bond formation in pericyclic reactions in terms of the simplest Thom's elementary catastrophe, namely, the one-(state) variable, one-(control) parameter function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Rincón
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Las encinas 220, 5110033 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
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26
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Wang H, Jiang L, Liang H, Fan H. Mechanism of Silver-Catalyzed [2+2] Cycloaddition between Siloxy-Alkynes and Carbonyl Compound: A Silylium Ion Migration Approach. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202106038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Buddensiek D, Mlostoń G, Matczak P, Voss J. A DFT study on the mechanism of the formation of 1,4,2,3‐dithiadiazinanes by head‐to‐head [3 + 3] cyclodimerization of thiocarbonyl
S
‐imides. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Buddensiek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen Voss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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28
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Understanding the Origin of the Regioselectivity in Non-Polar [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions through the Molecular Electron Density Theory. ORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/org1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regioselectivity in non-polar [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions has been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. To this end, the 32CA reactions of nine simplest three-atom-components (TACs) with 2-methylpropene were selected. The electronic structure of the reagents has been characterized through the Electron Localisation Function (ELF) and the Conceptual DFT. The energy profiles of the two regioisomeric reaction paths and ELF topology of the transition state structures are studied to understand the origin of the regioselectivity in these 32CA reactions. This MEDT study permits to conclude that the least electronegative X1 end atom of these TACs controls the asynchronicity in the C−X (X=C, N, O) single bond formation, and consequently, the regioselectivity. This behaviour is a consequence of the fact that the creation of the non-bonding electron density required for the formation of the new single bonds has a lower energy demand at the least electronegative X1 atom than at the Z3 one.
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29
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Gagarin AA, Suntsova PO, Minin AS, Pozdina VA, Slepukhin PA, Benassi E, Belskaya NP. Two Approaches for the Synthesis of Fused Dihydropyridines via a 1,6-Electrocyclic Reaction: Fluorescent Properties and Prospects for Application. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13837-13852. [PMID: 33107738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of penta-2,4-dienethioamides with acetylenedicarboxylic acid, methyl and ethyl esters, and methyl propiolate were systematically studied, and a number of new 2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridines (DTPs) and 4H,6H-pyrido[2,1-b][1,3]thiazines (PTZs) were prepared. A possible mechanism for a multistep domino transformation is suggested, and the key step is the 1,6-electrocyclic reaction. An additional alternative method for the synthesis of new heterocyclic systems was achieved. Evidence of the electrocyclic mechanism of a key step was collected from the analysis of the spatial structure of the synthesized bicyclic nonaromatic pyridines by X-ray diffraction and quantum chemical calculations, as well as from the thermodynamic quantities. DTPs exhibited yellow fluorescence in solution and yellow to red emissions in the solid state. Biological investigations demonstrated the ability of DTPs to penetrate living and fixed cells and presumably accumulate in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey A Gagarin
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - Polina O Suntsova
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation
| | - Artem S Minin
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.,M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 18 South Kovalevskaya Street, Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
| | - Varvara A Pozdina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Pervomayskaya Str. 106, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A Slepukhin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 22 South Kovalevskaya Street, Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Shihezi University, 280 North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Nataliya P Belskaya
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Yekaterinburg 620002, Russian Federation.,Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 22 South Kovalevskaya Street, Yekaterinburg 620219, Russian Federation
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30
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. Lithium Cation-Catalyzed Benzene Diels-Alder Reaction: Insights on the Molecular Mechanism Within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13121-13132. [PMID: 32870671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lithium cation Li+-catalyzed Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of benzene toward a series of acetylenes of improved nucleophilicity can be described within the context of the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p) level. Conceptual density functional theory indices characterize the crown ether solvated complex benzene-lithium Bz-Li-Cro as a superelectrophile. Coordination of a lithium cation to benzene does not change substantially the electron localization function electronic structure of benzene. The DA reaction of Bz-Li-Cro with acetylene shows a reduction of the energy of activation of 6.9 kcal·mol-1, which is not sufficient for the reaction to take place, thus demanding the participation of strong nucleophilic acetylenes. DA reactions of complexes Bz-M-Cro (M = Li, Na, and K) are decelerated with the decrease of the ionization potential of the alkali metal. The one-step mechanism of these lithium cation Li+-catalyzed DA reactions changes to a two-step one for the reaction with dimethyl propynamine. The present MEDT study proves that analysis of the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity indices is an excellent tool for experimental organic chemists to understand, even to predict, the chemical organic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 498, Santiago 8370146, Chile
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31
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Rhyman L, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Ramasami P. Unveiling the high reactivity of benzyne in the formal [3+2] cycloaddition reactions towards thioamides through the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Yadav VK, Prasad DL, Yadav A, Yadav K. On the solvent‐ and temperature‐driven stereoselectivity of the Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions of furan with maleic anhydride and maleimide. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arpita Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, UIET CSJM University Kanpur India
| | - Kedar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur India
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33
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Regio- and stereochemistry in the aza-Diels–Alder reaction of an azoalkene with furan and 2,3-dihydrofuran: a molecular electron density theory study. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Pérez P. Unveiling the Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reactions Through the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2020; 25:E2535. [PMID: 32486033 PMCID: PMC7321097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of metal-based Lewis acid (LA) catalysts on the reaction rate and regioselectivity in polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reactions has been analyzed within the molecular electron density theory (MEDT). A clear linear correlation between the reduction of the activation energies and the increase of the polar character of the reactions measured by analysis of the global electron density transfer at the corresponding transition state structures (TS) is found, a behavior easily predictable by analysis of the electrophilicity ω and nucleophilicity N indices of the reagents. The presence of a strong electron-releasing group in the diene changes the mechanism of these P-DA reactions from a two-stage one-step to a two-step one via formation of a zwitterionic intermediate. However, this change in the reaction mechanism does not have any chemical relevance. This MEDT study makes it possible to establish that the more favorable nucleophilic/electrophilic interactions taking place at the TSs of LA catalyzed P-DA reactions are responsible for the high acceleration and complete regioselectivity experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, University Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile;
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35
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Cáceres-Castillo D, Mena-Rejón GJ, Castro-Segura CS, Quijano-Quiñones RF. Mechanistic study of the formation of quercetine cycloadducts under microwave conditions: a theoretical approach. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1643509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cáceres-Castillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo J. Mena-Rejón
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Carolina S. Castro-Segura
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Ramiro F. Quijano-Quiñones
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
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36
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Kula K, Dobosz J, Jasiński R, Kącka-Zych A, Łapczuk-Krygier A, Mirosław B, Demchuk OM. [3+2] Cycloaddition of diaryldiazomethanes with (E)-3,3,3-trichloro-1-nitroprop-1-ene: An experimental, theoretical and structural study. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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37
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the enhanced reactivity of aza aromatic compounds participating in Diels–Alder reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:292-304. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The change of C–H by N: in these aromatic compounds decreases the ring electron density (RED), thus decreasing the activation energies of the aza Diels–Alder reactions mainly by the loss of the aromatic character of the reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- 8370146 Santiago
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38
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Khojandi M, Seif A, Zahedi E, Domingo LR, Karimkhani M. Unravelling the kinetics and molecular mechanism of the degenerate Cope rearrangement of bullvalene. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and molecular mechanism of the gas phase degenerate Cope rearrangement (DCR) of bullvalene have been investigated by applying quantum mechanical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Khojandi
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Ahmad Seif
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Tehran Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Ehsan Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry
- Shahrood Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Shahrood
- Iran
| | - Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- 46100 Burjassot
- Spain
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39
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Mlostoń G, Jasiński R, Kula K, Heimgartner H. A DFT Study on the Barton-Kellogg Reaction - The Molecular Mechanism of the Formation of Thiiranes in the Reaction between Diphenyldiazomethane and Diaryl Thioketones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Łódź; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Warszawska 24 31-155 Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Kula
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Warszawska 24 31-155 Krakow Poland
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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40
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Cukrowski I, Dhimba G, Riley DL. A reaction energy profile and fragment attributed molecular system energy change (FAMSEC)-based protocol designed to uncover reaction mechanisms: a case study of the proline-catalysed aldol reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16694-16705. [PMID: 31321390 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03046h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A REP-FAMSEC (reaction energy profile-fragment attributed molecular system energy change) protocol designed to explain each consecutive energy change along the reaction pathway is reported. It mainly explores interactions between meaningful polyatomic fragments of a molecular system and, by quantifying energetic contributions, pin-points fragments (atoms) leading to or opposing a chemical change. Its usefulness is tested, as a case study, on the proline-catalysed aldol reaction for which a number of mechanisms have been debated for over four decades. The relative stability of S-proline conformers, their catalytic (in)activity and the superior affinity of the higher energy conformer to acetone is fully explained at atomic and molecular fragment levels, but still appealing to general chemist knowledge. We found that (i) contrary to the generally accepted view, CN-bond formation cannot be explained by the Nδ-, Cδ+ atom pair, but rather by the O-atom of acetone and its strongest inter-molecular attractive interactions with the N-atom as well as the C-atom of the COO group of proline (at this initial stage the lower energy conformer of proline is eliminated) and (ii) the following 'first' H-transfer from N to O atoms of the proline moiety is nearly energy-free even though initially the H-atom interacts three times stronger with the N- than O-atom; a full explanation of this phenomenon is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Cukrowski
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - George Dhimba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Darren L Riley
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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41
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Rojas RS, Toro-Labbé A, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the insertion of CO into frustrated Lewis pair boron-amidines: a [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9214-9224. [PMID: 31157816 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01489f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of CO into hydrogenated boron-amidine 1 yielding five-membered diazaborolone (5DAB) 3 has been studied within the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the DFT ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) level. This is a domino process comprised of two consecutive reactions: (i) the dehydrogenation of 1 yielding the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) boron-amidine 4, which quickly equilibrates with four-membered diazaborolone (4DAB) 2; and (ii) the addition of CO into FLP 4, yielding the final 5DAB 3. Analysis of the Gibbs free energies indicates that the extrusion of H2 demands a high ΔG≠ of 28.6 kcal·mol-1, being endergonic by 6.7 kcal·mol-1. The subsequent addition of CO into FLP 4 presents a low ΔG≠ of 15.0 kcal·mol-1; formation of 5DAB 3 being exergonic by -5.7 kcal·mol-1 from hydrogenated boron-amidine 1. An analysis of the bonding changes along the insertion of CO in a smaller FLP model indicates that this reaction can be considered a [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction taking place via a five-membered pseudocyclic transition state associated with a two-stage one-step mechanism. Analysis of the conceptual DFT reactivity indices suggests that the initial attack of CO on FLP 4 is an acid/base process in which the carbenoid carbonyl character allows CO to participate as a Lewis base, rather than a nucleophilic/electrophilic interaction. The results arising from the analysis of the Parr functions, however, coincide with this behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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42
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Benallou A, Kerraj S, El Alaoui El Abdallaoui H, Garmes H. Is the pericyclic transition structure of aza-Diels-Alder reaction aromatic? J Mol Graph Model 2019; 91:119-129. [PMID: 31202916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The notion of aromaticity is an elusive concept, typically delineated as an electron delocalization pattern within a cyclic structure, and is characterized by unusual stability, reactivity, and other properties. Recently, the aromatic concept has been extended to inorganic molecules and saturated systems. In our work, the so-called pericyclic transition state structures (TSs) involved in aza-Diels-Alder reactions are investigated. Interestingly, geometries and energy barriers evidence that these reactions are highly energetic and are extremely asynchronous. Additionally the localized orbital locator, ELF and QTAIM topological analyses have proven that at least one pair of atoms is not bound at the TS configuration. Moreover, HOMA and PDI indexes show that these TSs where aromaticity is not important. Therefore, these results provoke us to rule out the aromatic character of these so-called pericyclic TSs structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelilah Benallou
- Team of Chemoinformatics Research and Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Physical and Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science, University Chouaib Doukkali, B. P. 20, 2300, El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - Said Kerraj
- Team of Chemoinformatics Research and Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Physical and Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science, University Chouaib Doukkali, B. P. 20, 2300, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Habib El Alaoui El Abdallaoui
- Team of Chemoinformatics Research and Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Physical and Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Science, University Chouaib Doukkali, B. P. 20, 2300, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Hocine Garmes
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Chouaib Doukkali, B. P. 20, 2300, El Jadida, Morocco
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43
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Unexpected molecular mechanism of trimethylsilyl bromide elimination from 2-(trimethylsilyloxy)-3-bromo-3-methyl-isoxazolidines. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Understanding the sequence of the electronic flow along the HCN/CNH isomerization within a bonding evolution theory quantum topological framework. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Jasiński R. Understanding of the molecular mechanism of the phenylsulfenic acid elimination from nitroalkyl systems. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 89:109-113. [PMID: 30884447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the phenylsulfenic acid elimination from nitroalkyl systems has been explored using M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p) theoretical level. It was found that independently of environment polarity as well as degree of screening of nitroalkyl moiety, these types of reactions proceed via one-step, polar mechanism with asynchronous transition state. According to actual state of knowledge this type of the mechanism should not be treated as "pericyclic". Simultaneously, all attempts for localization of stationary structures which can be related to the hypothetical, stepwise mechanism were not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Poland.
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46
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Kącka‐Zych A, Ríos‐Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR. A molecular electron density theory study of the Lewis acid–catalyzed decomposition reaction of nitroethyl benzoate using aluminum derivatives. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka‐Zych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyCracow University of Technology Cracow Poland
| | | | - Luis R. Domingo
- Departamento de Quimica OrganicaUniversidad de Valencia Burjassot Spain
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47
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Afshari T, Mohsennia M. A molecular electron density theory study of Diels‐Alder reaction between Danishefsky's diene and (2E)‐3‐phenyl‐2‐(trifluoromethyl) acrylonitrile. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Afshari
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohsennia
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kashan Kashan Iran
- Institute of Nanoscience and NanotechnologyUniversity of Kashan Kashan Iran
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48
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Kącka-Zych A. Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of the Rearrangement of Internal Nitronic Ester into Nitronorbornene in Light of the MEDT Study. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030462. [PMID: 30696070 PMCID: PMC6384843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the structure of nitronic esters and their rearrangement into nitronorbornene reactions has been analyzed within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational level. Quantum-chemical calculations indicate that this rearrangement takes place according to a one-step mechanism. The sequential bonding changes received from the Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) analysis of the rearrangement of internal nitronic ester to nitronorbornene allowed us to distinguish seven different phases. This fact clearly contradicts the formerly-proposed concerted pericyclic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
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49
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Chamorro E, Pérez P. Are one-step aromatic nucleophilic substitutions of non-activated benzenes concerted processes? Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8185-8193. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the mechanism of one-step SNAr reactions of non-activated benzenes shows the presence of structures similar to those of Meisenheimer intermediates, thus accounting for the non-concerted nature of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Research Building Jeroni Muñoz
- University of Valencia
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Research Building Jeroni Muñoz
- University of Valencia
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- 8370146 Santiago
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- 8370146 Santiago
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50
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR. Unravelling the Mysteries of the [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
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