1
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Naumchyk V, Andriashvili VA, Radchenko DS, Dudenko D, Moroz YS, Tolmachev AA, Zhersh S, Grygorenko OO. S NAr or Sulfonylation? Chemoselective Amination of Halo(het)arene Sulfonyl Halides for Synthetic Applications and Ultralarge Compound Library Design. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3161-3183. [PMID: 38383160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The chemoselectivity of halo(het)arene sulfonyl halide aminations is studied thoroughly under parallel synthesis conditions, and the scope and limitations of the method are established. It is shown that SNAr-reactive sulfonyl halides typically undergo sulfonamide synthesis during the first step; the second amination is also possible provided that the SNAr-active center is sufficiently reactive. On the contrary, sulfonyl fluorides bearing an arylating moiety undergo selective transformation at the latter reactive center under proper control. Further sulfur-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) is also possible, which can be especially valuable for some sulfonyl halide classes. The developed two-step parallel double amination protocol provides access to a 6.67-billion compound synthetically tractable REAL-type chemical space (76% expected synthesis success rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Naumchyk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav A Andriashvili
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmytro Dudenko
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Yurii S Moroz
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
- Chemspace, Winston Churchill Street 85, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Andrey A Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Zhersh
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
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2
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Liashuk OS, Andriashvili VA, Tolmachev AO, Grygorenko OO. Chemoselective Reactions of Functionalized Sulfonyl Halides. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300256. [PMID: 37823680 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemoselective transformations of functionalized sulfonyl fluorides and chlorides are surveyed comprehensively. It is shown that sulfonyl fluorides provide an excellent selectivity control in their reactions. Thus, numerous conditions are tolerated by the SO2 F group - from amide and ester formation to directed ortho-lithiation and transition-metal-catalyzed cross-couplings. Meanwhile, sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) is also compatible with numerous functional groups, thus confirming its title of "another click reaction". On the contrary, with a few exceptions, most transformations of functionalized sulfonyl chlorides typically occur at the SO2 Cl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr S Liashuk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav A Andriashvili
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Andriy O Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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3
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Patel C, André-Joyaux E, Leitch JA, de Irujo-Labalde XM, Ibba F, Struijs J, Ellwanger MA, Paton R, Browne DL, Pupo G, Aldridge S, Hayward MA, Gouverneur V. Fluorochemicals from fluorspar via a phosphate-enabled mechanochemical process that bypasses HF. Science 2023; 381:302-306. [PMID: 37471551 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
All fluorochemicals-including elemental fluorine and nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical fluorinating reagents-are prepared from hydrogen fluoride (HF). This highly toxic and corrosive gas is produced by the reaction of acid-grade fluorspar (>97% CaF2) with sulfuric acid under harsh conditions. The use of fluorspar to produce fluorochemicals via a process that bypasses HF is highly desirable but remains an unsolved problem because of the prohibitive insolubility of CaF2. Inspired by calcium phosphate biomineralization, we herein disclose a protocol of treating acid-grade fluorspar with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) under mechanochemical conditions. The process affords a solid composed of crystalline K3(HPO4)F and K2-xCay(PO3F)a(PO4)b, which is found suitable for forging sulfur-fluorine and carbon-fluorine bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Patel
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Emy André-Joyaux
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | | | - Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Job Struijs
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Robert Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael A Hayward
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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4
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Feng Q, Fu Y, Zheng Y, Liao S, Huang S. Electrochemical Synthesis of β-Keto Sulfonyl Fluorides via Radical Fluorosulfonylation of Vinyl Triflates. Org Lett 2022; 24:3702-3706. [PMID: 35579434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of versatile β-keto sulfonyl fluorides is accomplished by radical fluorosulfonylation of vinyl triflates with FSO2Cl as the fluorosulfonyl radical source. This electroreductive protocol uses inexpensive graphite felt as electrodes, thus avoiding the use of a sacrificial anode. Moreover, this protocol, featuring metal-free, mild conditions and easy scalability, allows expedient access to valuable β-keto sulfonyl fluorides from readily available precursors, as well as the cyclic ones that are otherwise inaccessible using prior methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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5
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Lou TSB, Willis MC. Sulfonyl fluorides as targets and substrates in the development of new synthetic methods. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:146-162. [PMID: 37117299 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The advent of sulfur(VI)-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) processes as transformations with click-like reactivity has invigorated research into electrophilic species featuring a sulfur-fluorine bond. Among these, sulfonyl fluorides have emerged as the workhorse functional group, with diverse applications being reported. Sulfonyl fluorides are used as electrophilic warheads by both medicinal chemists and chemical biologists. The balance of reactivity and stability that is so attractive for these applications, particularly the resistance of sulfonyl fluorides to hydrolysis under physiological conditions, has provided opportunities for synthetic chemists. New synthetic approaches that start with sulfur-containing substrates include the activation of sulfonamides using pyrilium salts, the deoxygenation of sulfonic acids, and the electrochemical oxidation of thiols. Employing non-sulfur-containing substrates has led to the development of transition-metal-catalysed processes based on palladium, copper and nickel, as well as the use of SO2F2 gas as an electrophilic hub. Selectively manipulating molecules that already contain a sulfonyl fluoride group has also proved to be a popular tactic, with metal-catalysed processes again at the fore. Finally, coaxing sulfonyl fluorides to engage with nucleophiles, when required, and under suitable reaction conditions, has led to new activation methods. This Review provides an overview of the challenges in the efficient synthesis and manipulation of these intriguing functional groups.
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6
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Chatelain P, Muller C, Sau A, Brykczyńska D, Bahadori M, Rowley CN, Moran J. Desulfonative Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Sulfonyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chatelain
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Cyprien Muller
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Abhijit Sau
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
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7
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Chatelain P, Muller C, Sau A, Brykczyńska D, Bahadori M, Rowley CN, Moran J. Desulfonative Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling of Sulfonyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25307-25312. [PMID: 34570414 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonyl fluorides have emerged as powerful "click" electrophiles to access sulfonylated derivatives. Yet, they are relatively inert towards C-C bond forming transformations, notably under transition-metal catalysis. Here, we describe conditions under which aryl sulfonyl fluorides act as electrophiles for the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. This desulfonative cross-coupling occurs selectively in the absence of base and, unusually, even in the presence of strong acids. Divergent one-step syntheses of two analogues of bioactive compounds showcase the expanded reactivity of sulfonyl fluorides to encompass both S-Nu and C-C bond formation. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations suggest oxidative addition occurs at the C-S bond followed by desulfonation to form a Pd-F intermediate that facilitates transmetalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chatelain
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyprien Muller
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abhijit Sau
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Moran
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Grygorenko OO, Volochnyuk DM, Vashchenko BV. Emerging Building Blocks for Medicinal Chemistry: Recent Synthetic Advances. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
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9
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Lee C, Cook AJ, Elisabeth JE, Friede NC, Sammis GM, Ball ND. The Emerging Applications of Sulfur(VI) Fluorides in Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021; 11:6578-6589. [PMID: 34123485 PMCID: PMC8185885 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable growth of catalytic transformations in organic sulfur(VI) fluoride chemistry. This Perspective concentrates exclusively on foundational examples that utilize catalytic strategies to synthesize and react S(VI) fluorides. Key mechanistic studies that aim to provide insight toward future catalytic systems are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayo Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Alina J. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jonathan E. Elisabeth
- Department
of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Nathan C. Friede
- Department
of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Glenn M. Sammis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Nicholas D. Ball
- Department
of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, United States
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10
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Logvinenko IG, Kondratov IS, Dobrydnev AV, Kozytskiy AV, Grygorenko OO. Synthesis and reactions of ω-CF3O-substituted aliphatic sulfonyl chlorides. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Demchuk OP, Hryshchuk OV, Vashchenko BV, Kozytskiy AV, Tymtsunik AV, Komarov IV, Grygorenko OO. Photochemical [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkenyl Boronic Derivatives: An Entry into 3-Azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane Scaffold. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5927-5940. [PMID: 32233365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptyl boropinacolates and trifluoroborates via the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of the corresponding alkenyl boronic derivatives and maleimides or maleic anhydride is described. Optimization of the reaction conditions (i.e., wavelength, concentration of the reagents, photosensitizer) was carried out, and the scope and limitations of the method were studied. Alkenyl boronic acid pinacolates were found to be more suitable for the [2 + 2] cycloaddition, providing better reaction outcomes compared to the trifluoroborates. The utility of this approach was shown by the preparation of bi- and trifunctional building blocks (21 examples), which could be easily synthesized on up to 60 g scale. These cycloadducts provide a convenient entry into the 3-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane scaffold through the C-C coupling or oxidative deborylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr P Demchuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V Hryshchuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Andriy V Kozytskiy
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Avenue, 31, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - Andriy V Tymtsunik
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Prospect Peremogy 37, Kyiv 03056, Ukraine
| | - Igor V Komarov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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12
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Cyclopropylation of heterocyclic cores using cyclopropylboronic derivatives (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Lou TSB, Willis MC. Arylsulfonyl fluoride boronic acids: Preparation and coupling reactivity. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Demchuk OP, Hryshchuk OV, Vashchenko BV, Radchenko DS, Kovtunenko VO, Komarov IV, Grygorenko OO. Robust and Scalable Approach to 1,3-Disubstituted Pyridylcyclobutanes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr P. Demchuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V. Hryshchuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Igor V. Komarov
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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