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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Xin N, Lv Y, Lian Y, Lin Z, Huang XQ, Zhao CQ, Wang Y. Preparation of Vinylphosphonates from Ketones Promoted by Tf 2O. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36802599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
An efficient triflic anhydride promoted phosphorylation of ketone was disclosed, and vinylphosphorus compounds were prepared under solvent- and metal-free conditions. Both aryl and alkyl ketones could perform smoothly to give vinyl phosphonates in high to excellent yields. In addition, the reaction was easy to carry out and easy to scale up. Mechanistic studies suggested that this transformation might involve nucleophilic vinylic substitution or a nucleophilic addition-elimination mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Xin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yongzheng Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yongjian Lian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Zhu Lin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Huang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Chang-Qiu Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and New Battery Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
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3
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Chen Y, Bao G, Zhan X, Fu J, Ji X, Zhang S, Feng C. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,
2‐Disubstituted
Vinylphosphonates via Aryl to Vinyl 1,
4‐Palladium
Migration. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Zhen Chen
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Geng‐Yu Bao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xin‐Chen Zhan
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jian‐Guo Fu
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xiao‐Ming Ji
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Shu‐Sheng Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Chen‐Guo Feng
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 201203 China
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4
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Jiménez-Arellanes MA, Peña-Rico MÁ, Castro-Cerritos KV, Sifuentes-Vázquez LD, Reyes-González MA, Ramírez-Marroquín OA. Mechanosynthesis of phosphonocinnamic esters through solvent-free Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2053976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Adelina Jiménez-Arellanes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Rico
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Tuxtepec, Mexico
| | | | | | - Miguel Angel Reyes-González
- Investigador de Cátedras CONACyT-ITNL, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica-TecNM/ITNL, Apodaca, N.L., México
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5
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Ma L, Shang S, Yuan H, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Chen Y. Ag(I)-catalyzed synthesis of (E)-alkenyl phosphonates by oxidative coupling of H-phosphites with β-nitroolefins. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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6
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Yang F, Zhou Q, Wang H, Tang L. Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Phosphorylation of 2‐Amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones with
H
‐Phosphonates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 P. R. China
| | - Qiuju Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 P. R. China
| | - Heyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 P. R. China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 P. R. China
- Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan Xinyang 464000 P. R. China
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7
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Wei X, Bai C, Zhao L, Zhang P, Li Z, Wang Y, Su Q. Lewis Acid Enables Ketone Phosphorylation: Synthesis of Alkenyl Phosphonates. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Hong Wei
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment‐Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University No. 1, Northwest Xincun Lanzhou Gansu 730030 China
| | - Chun‐Yuan Bai
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment‐Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University No. 1, Northwest Xincun Lanzhou Gansu 730030 China
| | - Lian‐Biao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment‐Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University No. 1, Northwest Xincun Lanzhou Gansu 730030 China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment‐Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University No. 1, Northwest Xincun Lanzhou Gansu 730030 China
| | - Zhen‐Hua Li
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment‐Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University No. 1, Northwest Xincun Lanzhou Gansu 730030 China
| | - Yan‐Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment‐Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University No. 1, Northwest Xincun Lanzhou Gansu 730030 China
| | - Qiong Su
- Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment‐Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University No. 1, Northwest Xincun Lanzhou Gansu 730030 China
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Xu Z, Zhang Z, Meng C, Zhang X, Xu K, Liu L, Wang T, Xu H, Mao G. Ligand-Free Pd-Catalyzed Hydrophosphorylation of Internal Alkynes for the Synthesis of E-Vinylphosphonates. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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He J, Feng Y, Yang F, Dai B, Liu P. Palladium‐Catalyzed Olefination of
N
‐Tosylhydrazones as
β
‐Diazo Phosphonate Precursors with Arylhalides. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan Shihezi University 832004 Shihezi City China
| | - Yijiao Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan Shihezi University 832004 Shihezi City China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan Shihezi University 832004 Shihezi City China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan Shihezi University 832004 Shihezi City China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering the Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan Shihezi University 832004 Shihezi City China
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