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Kher K, Dhaker M, Baroliya PK. Recent advances in electrochemical functionalization using diazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7052-7061. [PMID: 37610707 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00978e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Arenediazonium salts have gained attention in the scientific community due to their numerous synthetic applications. In the traditional method of dediazoniation of arenediazonium salts, the requirements for toxic oxidants and costly catalysts affect their cost-effectiveness and sustainability. However, recent advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry allow for the in situ reduction of arenediazonium salts, affording different functionalizations under mild reaction conditions and with a shorter reaction time. Herein, we report advances up to now of facile organic electrochemical syntheses using arenediazonium salt precursors that avoid the use of hazardous reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kher
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India.
| | - Mukesh Dhaker
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India.
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Li R, Hu X, Yu Y, Xu W, Chen D, Zhu X, Tang Y, Yao L, Qin J, Fang J, Liu Z, Fang Z. Anatase quantum dots decorated silica/carbon lamellas for removal of antipsychotic drugs via adsorption-photocatalysis and toxicity evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134972. [PMID: 35588884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, discrete quantum dots of crystallized anatase TiO2 are successfully anchored on carbon nanosheets containing amorphous SiO2 via templated self-assembly and pyrolysis routes. The novel hybrid photocatalyst of TiO2/C/SiO2 exhibits well coupled adsorption and visible light photocatalysis on chlorpromazine (CPZ) and the rate constants are 0.0223 and 0.0198 min-1, respectively. The direct photocatalytic degradation of CPZ under static conditions reaches 91.1% within 3 h while a removal rate of 31.4% for CPZ could be retained under dynamic flow conditions, and the improved performance could be attributed to enhanced adsorption via SiO2/C and highly exposure of TiO2 QDs surface. Based on the trapping experiments, ESR, LC-MS, and toxicity evaluation, O2- free radicals are identified as main reactive species for CPZ degradation along three possible pathways, with reduced toxicities for its intermediates. The cell viability tests of photocatalytic-degraded solutions and the catalyst exhibit negligible toxicities for both intermediates and the material, suggesting the novel composite of TiO2/C/SiO2 as an environmental friendly photocatalyst for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqi Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingyu Hu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yutang Yu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weicheng Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ximiao Zhu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiming Tang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lang Yao
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingjun Qin
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianzhang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhang Liu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Urban Water System, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Bellina F. Real Metal-Free C–H Arylation of (Hetero)arenes: The Radical Way. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1437-9761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSynthetic methodologies involving the formation of carbon–carbon bonds from carbon–hydrogen bonds are of significant synthetic interest, both for efficiency in terms of atom economy and for their undeniable usefulness in late-stage functionalization approaches. Combining these aspects with being metal-free, the radical C–H intermolecular arylation procedures covered by this review represent both powerful and green methods for the synthesis of (hetero)biaryl systems.1 Introduction2 Arylation with Arenediazonium Salts and Related Derivatives2.1 Ascorbic Acid as the Reductant2.2 Hydrazines as Reductants2.3 Gallic Acid as the Reductant2.4. Polyanilines as Reductants2.5 Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride as the Reductant2.6 Phenalenyl-Based Radicals as Reductants2.7 Electrolytic Reduction of Diazonium Salts2.8 Visible-Light-Mediated Arylation3 Arylation with Arylhydrazines: Generation of Aryl Radicals Using an Oxidant4 Arylation with Diaryliodonium Salts5 Arylation with Aryl Halides6 Conclusions
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Hunjan MK, Panday S, Gupta A, Bhaumik J, Das P, Laha JK. Recent Advances in Functionalization of Pyrroles and their Translational Potential. CHEM REC 2021; 21:715-780. [PMID: 33650751 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the known aromatic nitrogen heterocycles, pyrrole represents a privileged aromatic heterocycle ranging its occurrence in the key component of "pigments of life" to biologically active natural products to active pharmaceuticals. Pyrrole being an electron-rich heteroaromatic compound, its predominant functionalization is legendary to aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions. Although a few excellent reviews on the functionalization of pyrroles including the reports by Baltazzi in 1963, Casiraghi and Rassu in 1995, and Banwell in 2006 are available, they are fragmentary and over fifteen years old, and do not cover the modern aspects of catalysis. A review covering a comprehensive package of direct functionalization on pyrroles via catalytic and non-catalytic methods including their translational potential is described. Subsequent to statutory yet concise introduction, the classical functionalization on pyrroles using Lewis acids largely following an ionic mechanism is discussed. The subsequent discussion follows the various metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization on pyrroles, which are otherwise difficult to implement by Lewis acids. A major emphasize is given on the radical based pyrrole functionalization under metal-free oxidative conditions, which is otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Towards the end, the current development of pyrrole functionalization under photocatalyzed and electrochemical conditions is appended. Only a selected examples of substrates and important mechanisms are discussed for different methods highlighting their scopes and limitations. The aromatic nucleophillic substitution on pyrroles (being an electron-rich heterocycle) happened to be the subject of recent investigations, which has also been covered accentuating their underlying conceptual development. Despite great achievements over the past several years in these areas, many challenges and problems are yet to be solved, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur Hunjan
- Department of Pharmaceutial Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Surabhi Panday
- Department of Pharmaceutial Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutial Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S., Nagar, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutial Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
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