1
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Hannam A, Kankraisri P, Thombare KR, Meher P, Jean A, Hilton ST, Murarka S, Arseniyadis S. Visible light-mediated difluoromethylation/cyclization in batch and flow: scalable synthesis of CHF 2-containing benzimidazo- and indolo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7938-7941. [PMID: 38984848 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We report here a practical and cost-effective method for the synthesis of CHF2-containing benzimidazo- and indolo[2,1,a]-isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones through a visible light-mediated difluoromethylation/cyclization cascade. The method, which affords functionalized multifused N-heterocyclic scaffolds in moderate to high yields under mild reaction conditions, is also easily scalable using low-cost 3D printed photoflow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Hannam
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Phinyada Kankraisri
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Karan R Thombare
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Prahallad Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210, Bolbec, France
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar-342037, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
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2
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Zhang J, Selmi-Higashi E, Zhang S, Jean A, Hilton ST, Cambeiro XC, Arseniyadis S. Synthesis of CHF 2-Containing Heterocycles through Oxy-difluoromethylation Using Low-Cost 3D Printed PhotoFlow Reactors. Org Lett 2024; 26:2877-2882. [PMID: 38190457 PMCID: PMC11020168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We report here a highly straightforward access to a variety of CHF2-containing heterocycles, including lactones, tetrahydrofurans, tetrahydropyrans, benzolactones, phthalanes, and pyrrolidines, through a visible light-mediated intramolecular oxy-difluoromethylation under continuous flow. The method, which relies on the use of readily available starting materials, low-cost 3D printed photoflow reactors, and difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide used here as a CHF2 radical precursor, is practical and scalable and provides the desired products in moderate to excellent yields and excellent regio- and stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Selmi-Higashi
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Gillingham ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, Bolbec 76210, France
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Xacobe C Cambeiro
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Gillingham ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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3
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Thavarajah R, Penny MR, Torii R, Hilton ST. Rapid Lewis Acid Screening and Reaction Optimization Using 3D-Printed Catalyst-Impregnated Stirrer Devices in the Synthesis of Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16845-16853. [PMID: 38011901 PMCID: PMC10729026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development of Lewis acid (LA) catalyst-impregnated 3D-printed stirrer devices and demonstrate their ability to facilitate the rapid screening of reaction conditions to synthesize heterocycles. The stereolithography 3D-printed stirrer devices were designed to fit round-bottomed flasks and Radleys carousel tubes using our recently reported solvent-resistant resin, and using CFD modeling studies and experimental data, we demonstrated that the device design leads to rapid mixing and rapid throughput over the device surface. Using a range of LA 3D-printed stirrers, the reaction between a diamine and an aldehyde was optimized for the catalyst and solvent, and we demonstrated that use of the 3D-printed catalyst-embedded devices led to higher yields and reduced reaction times. A library of benzimidazole and benzothiazole compounds were synthesized, and the use of devices led to efficient formation of the product as well as low levels of the catalyst in the resultant crude mixture. The use of these devices makes the process of setting up multiple reactions simpler by avoiding weighing out of catalysts, and the devices, once used, can be simply removed from the reaction, making the process of compound library synthesis more facile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumintha Thavarajah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Matthew R. Penny
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Ryo Torii
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, UCL, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Stephen T. Hilton
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
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4
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Gaware S, Kori S, Serrano JL, Dandela R, Hilton S, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Rapid plugged flow synthesis of nucleoside analogues via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and heck Alkenylation of 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (or cytidine). J Flow Chem 2023; 13:1-18. [PMID: 37359287 PMCID: PMC10019434 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides modification via conventional cross-coupling has been performed using different catalytic systems and found to take place via long reaction times. However, since the pandemic, nucleoside-based antivirals and vaccines have received widespread attention and the requirement for rapid modification and synthesis of these moieties has become a major objective for researchers. To address this challenge, we describe the development of a rapid flow-based cross-coupling synthesis protocol for a variety of C5-pyrimidine substituted nucleosides. The protocol allows for facile access to multiple nucleoside analogues in very good yields in a few minutes compared to conventional batch chemistry. To highlight the utility of our approach, the synthesis of an anti-HSV drug, BVDU was also achieved in an efficient manner using our new protocol. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Gaware
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Kori
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
| | - Jose Luis Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental. Área de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena member of European University of Technology, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Stephen Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802, Crystal Ridge, California, Encinitas CA92024-6615 USA
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
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5
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Closed-loop Control Systems for Pumps used in Portable Analytical Systems. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463931. [PMID: 37011525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The demand for accurate control of the flowrate/pressure in chemical analytical systems has given rise to the adoption of mechatronic approaches in analytical instruments. A mechatronic device is a synergistic system which combines mechanical, electronic, computer and control components. In the development of portable analytical devices, considering the instrument as a mechatronic system can be useful to mitigate compromises made to decrease space, weight, or power consumption. Fluid handling is important for reliability, however, commonly utilized platforms such as syringe and peristaltic pumps are typically characterized by flow/pressure fluctuations and slow responses. Closed loop control systems have been used effectively to decrease the difference between desired and realized fluidic output. This review discusses the way control systems have been implemented for enhanced fluidic control, categorized by pump type. Advanced control strategies used to enhance the transient and the steady state responses are discussed, along with examples of their implementation in portable analytical systems. The review is concluded with the outlook that the challenge in adequately expressing the complexity and dynamics of the fluidic network as a mathematical model has yielded a trend towards the adoption of experimentally informed models and machine learning approaches.
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6
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Hsu MC, Mansouri M, Ahamed NNN, Larson SM, Joshi IM, Ahmed A, Borkholder DA, Abhyankar VV. A miniaturized 3D printed pressure regulator (µPR) for microfluidic cell culture applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10769. [PMID: 35750792 PMCID: PMC9232624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-defined fluid flows are the hallmark feature of microfluidic culture systems and enable precise control over biophysical and biochemical cues at the cellular scale. Microfluidic flow control is generally achieved using displacement-based (e.g., syringe or peristaltic pumps) or pressure-controlled techniques that provide numerous perfusion options, including constant, ramped, and pulsed flows. However, it can be challenging to integrate these large form-factor devices and accompanying peripherals into incubators or other confined environments. In addition, microfluidic culture studies are primarily carried out under constant perfusion conditions and more complex flow capabilities are often unused. Thus, there is a need for a simplified flow control platform that provides standard perfusion capabilities and can be easily integrated into incubated environments. To this end, we introduce a tunable, 3D printed micro pressure regulator (µPR) and show that it can provide robust flow control capabilities when combined with a battery-powered miniature air pump to support microfluidic applications. We detail the design and fabrication of the µPR and: (i) demonstrate a tunable outlet pressure range relevant for microfluidic applications (1-10 kPa), (ii) highlight dynamic control capabilities in a microfluidic network, (iii) and maintain human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a multi-compartment culture device under continuous perfusion conditions. We anticipate that our 3D printed fabrication approach and open-access designs will enable customized µPRs that can support a broad range of microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chun Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Mehran Mansouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Nuzhet N N Ahamed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Stephen M Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Indranil M Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Adeel Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - David A Borkholder
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Vinay V Abhyankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
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7
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Alvarez E, Romero-Fernandez M, Iglesias D, Martinez-Cuenca R, Okafor O, Delorme A, Lozano P, Goodridge R, Paradisi F, Walsh DA, Sans V. Electrochemical Oscillatory Baffled Reactors Fabricated with Additive Manufacturing for Efficient Continuous-Flow Oxidations. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:2388-2396. [PMID: 35223215 PMCID: PMC8864614 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical continuous-flow reactors offer a great opportunity for enhanced and sustainable chemical syntheses. Here, we present a novel application of electrochemical continuous-flow oscillatory baffled reactors (ECOBRs) that combines advanced mixing features with electrochemical transformations to enable efficient electrochemical oxidations under continuous flow at a millimeter distance between electrodes. Different additive manufacturing techniques have been employed to rapidly fabricate reactors. The electrochemical oxidation of NADH, a very sensitive substrate key for the regeneration of enzymes in biocatalytic transformations, has been employed as a benchmark reaction. The oscillatory conditions improved bulk mixing, facilitating the contact of reagents to electrodes. Under oscillatory conditions, the ECOBR demonstrated improved performance in the electrochemical oxidation of NADH, which is attributed to improved mass transfer associated with the oscillatory regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alvarez
- Departamento
de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Reg Excelencia Int Mare Nostrum, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Romero-Fernandez
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Iglesias
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Raul Martinez-Cuenca
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Obinna Okafor
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Delorme
- The GSK Carbon
Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento
de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular e Inmunologia, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Reg Excelencia Int Mare Nostrum, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ruth Goodridge
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darren A. Walsh
- The GSK Carbon
Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Sans
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
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8
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Penny MR, Rao ZX, Thavarajah R, Ishaq A, Bowles BJ, Hilton ST. 3D printed tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) impregnated stirrer devices for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a novel approach, SLA 3D-printed Pd(PPh3)4 containing stirrer beads have been used to catalyse the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction between a range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Penny
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Zenobia X. Rao
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | | | - Ahtsham Ishaq
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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9
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Grajewski M, Hermann M, Oleschuk R, Verpoorte E, Salentijn G. Leveraging 3D printing to enhance mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1166:338332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Heard DM, Doobary S, Lennox AJJ. 3D Printed Reactionware for Synthetic Electrochemistry with Hydrogen Fluoride Reagents. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
| | - Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
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11
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Kleoff M, Schwan J, Christmann M, Heretsch P. A Modular, Argon-Driven Flow Platform for Natural Product Synthesis and Late-Stage Transformations. Org Lett 2021; 23:2370-2374. [PMID: 33689372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A modular flow platform for natural product synthesis was designed. To access different reaction setups with a maximum of flexibility, interchangeable 3D-printed components serve as backbone. By switching from liquid- to gas-driven flow, reagent and solvent waste is minimized, which translates into an advantageous sustainability profile. To enable inert conditions, "Schlenk-in-flow" techniques for the safe handling of oxygen- and moisture sensitive reagents were developed. Adopting these techniques, reproducible transformations in natural product synthesis were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Kleoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schwan
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
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13
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Rastelli EJ, Yue D, Millard C, Wipf P. 3D-printed cartridge system for in-flow photo-oxygenation of 7-aminothienopyridinones. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Penny MR, Tsui N, Hilton ST. Extending practical flow chemistry into the undergraduate curriculum via the use of a portable low-cost 3D printed continuous flow system. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractContinuous flow chemistry is undergoing rapid growth and adoption within the pharmaceutical industry due to its ability to rapidly translate chemical discoveries from medicinal chemistry laboratories into process laboratories. Its growing significance means that it is imperative that flow chemistry is taught and experienced by both undergraduate and postgraduate synthetic chemists. However, whilst flow chemistry has been incorporated by industry, there remains a distinct lack of practical training and knowledge at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. A key challenge associated with its implementation is the high cost (>$25,000) of the system’s themselves, which is far beyond the financial reach of most universities and research groups, meaning that this key technology remains open to only a few groups and that its associated training remains a theoretical rather than a practical subject. In order to increase access to flow chemistry, we sought to design and develop a small-footprint, low-cost and portable continuous flow system that could be used to teach flow chemistry, but that could also be used by research groups looking to transition to continuous flow chemistry. A key element of its utility focusses on its 3D printed nature, as low-cost reactors could be readily incorporated and modified to suit differing needs and educational requirements. In this paper, we demonstrate the system’s flexibility using reactors and mixing chips designed and 3D printed by an undergraduate project student (N.T.) and show how the flexibility of the system allows the investigation of differing flow paths on the same continuous flow system in parallel.
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15
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Sagandira CR, Siyawamwaya M, Watts P. 3D printing and continuous flow chemistry technology to advance pharmaceutical manufacturing in developing countries. ARAB J CHEM 2020; 13:7886-7908. [PMID: 34909056 PMCID: PMC7511217 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of a downward spiralling of diseases in developing countries requires them to become self-sufficient in pharmaceutical products. One of the ways to meet this need is by boosting the local production of active pharmaceutical ingredients and embracing enabling technologies. Both 3D printing and continuous flow chemistry are being exploited rapidly and they are opening huge avenues of possibilities in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries due to their well-documented benefits. The main barrier to entry for the continuous flow chemistry technique in low-income settings is the cost of set-up and maintenance through purchasing of spare flow reactors. This review article discusses the technical considerations for the convergence of state-of-the-art technologies, 3D printing and continuous flow chemistry for pharmaceutical manufacturing applications in developing countries. An overview of the 3D printing technique and its application in fabrication of continuous flow components and systems is provided. Finally, quality considerations for satisfying regulatory requirements for the approval of 3D printed equipment are underscored. An in-depth understanding of the interrelated aspects in the implementation of these technologies is crucial for the realization of sustainable, good quality chemical reactionware.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa,Corresponding author
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16
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Menzel F, Klein T, Ziegler T, Neumaier JM. 3D-printed PEEK reactors and development of a complete continuous flow system for chemical synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of milli- and microfluidic reactors made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and 3D-printed equipment for a complete continuous flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Jochen M. Neumaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen
- Germany
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17
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Penny MR, Hilton ST. Design and development of 3D printed catalytically-active stirrers for chemical synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00492k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In a novel approach, 3D-printed pTsOH containing stirrer beads have been used to catalyse the Mannich reaction.
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