1
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Di Terlizzi L, Nicchio L, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Visible photons as ideal reagents for the activation of coloured organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4926-4975. [PMID: 38596901 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the traceless nature of visible photons has been exploited for the development of efficient synthetic strategies for the photoconversion of colourless compounds, namely, photocatalysis, chromophore activation, and the formation of an electron donor/acceptor (EDA) complex. However, the use of photoreactive coloured organic compounds is the optimal strategy to boost visible photons as ideal reagents in synthetic protocols. In view of such premises, the present review aims to provide its readership with a collection of recent photochemical strategies facilitated via direct light absorption by coloured molecules. The protocols have been classified and presented according to the nature of the intermediate/excited state achieved during the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Nicchio
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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2
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Chawla R, Singh AK, Dutta PK. Arylazo sulfones: multifaceted photochemical reagents and beyond. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:869-893. [PMID: 38196324 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01599h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The photochemical action of arylazo sulfones under visible light irradiation has recently gained considerable attention for the construction of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds in organic synthesis. The inherent dyedauxiliary group (-N2SO2R) embedded in the reagent is responsible for the absorption of visible light even in the absence of a photocatalyst, additive or oxidant, leading to the generation of three different radicals, viz. aryl (carbon-centred), sulfonyl (sulphur-centred) and diazenyl (nitrogen-centred) radicals, under different reaction conditions. Encountering a reagent with such a versatile behaviour is quite rare, which makes arylazo sulfones a highly interesting class of compounds. The mild reaction conditions under which these reagents can operate are an added advantage. Recently, they are also being used as non-ionic photoacid generators (PAGs), electron acceptors, and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and imination reagents in a number of synthetic transformations. They have displayed substantial damaging effect on the structure of DNA in the presence of light which can lead to their use as phototoxic pharmaceuticals for cancer treatment. Moreover, their photochemistry is also being exploited in polymerization reactions (as photoinitiators) and in materials chemistry (surface modification).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Chawla
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India.
| | - Atul K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Pradip K Dutta
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India.
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3
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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4
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Galathri EM, Di Terlizzi L, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Kokotos CG. Friedel-Crafts arylation of aldehydes with indoles utilizing arylazo sulfones as the photoacid generator. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:365-369. [PMID: 36512428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A versatile, inexpensive and sustainable protocol for the preparation of valuable bis-indolyl methanes via visible light-mediated, metal-free Friedel-Crafts arylation has been developed. The procedure, that exploits the peculiar behavior of arylazo sulfones as non-ionic photoacid generators (PAGs), was applied to the conversion of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into diarylmethanes in good to highly satisfactory yields, employing a low-catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) and irradiation at 456 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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5
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Buğday N, Khan S, Yaşar S, Bulut F, Boulebd H, Karabıyık H, Karabıyık H, Öz E, Rehman AU, Özdemir İ. Pd-NHC complex catalyzed C-H bond activation reactions of caffeine and 2-isobuthylthiazole. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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6
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Chu XQ, Ge D, Cui YY, Shen ZL, Li CJ. Desulfonylation via Radical Process: Recent Developments in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12548-12680. [PMID: 34387465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the "chemical chameleon", sulfonyl-containing compounds and their variants have been merged with various types of reactions for the efficient construction of diverse molecular architectures by taking advantage of their incredible reactive flexibility. Currently, their involvement in radical transformations, in which the sulfonyl group typically acts as a leaving group via selective C-S, N-S, O-S, S-S, and Se-S bond cleavage/functionalization, has facilitated new bond formation strategies which are complementary to classical two-electron cross-couplings via organometallic or ionic intermediates. Considering the great influence and synthetic potential of these novel avenues, we summarize recent advances in this rapidly expanding area by discussing the reaction designs, substrate scopes, mechanistic studies, and their limitations, outlining the state-of-the-art processes involved in radical-mediated desulfonylation and related transformations. With a specific emphasis on their synthetic applications, we believe this review will be useful for medicinal and synthetic organic chemists who are interested in radical chemistry and radical-mediated desulfonylation in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Chu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Danhua Ge
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Ying Cui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Shen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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8
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Sengupta S, Das P. Application of diazonium chemistry in purine modifications: A focused review. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
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9
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Babu SS, Muthuraja P, Yadav P, Gopinath P. Aryldiazonium Salts in Photoredox Catalysis – Recent Trends. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakamuri Sarath Babu
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Tirupati, A.P. India
| | - P. Muthuraja
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Tirupati, A.P. India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Tirupati, A.P. India
| | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Tirupati, A.P. India
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10
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Chawla R, Jaiswal S, Dutta PK, Yadav LDS. A photocatalyst-free visible-light-mediated solvent-switchable route to stilbenes/vinyl sulfones from β-nitrostyrenes and arylazo sulfones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6487-6492. [PMID: 34241618 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyst-free visible-light-mediated reactions, based on the presence of a visible-light-absorbing functional group in the starting material itself in order to exclude the often costly, hazardous, degradable and difficult to remove or recover photoredox catalysts, have been gaining momentum recently. We have employed this approach to develop a denitrative photocatalyst-free visible-light-mediated protocol for the arylation/sulfonylation of β-nitrostyrenes employing arylazo sulfones (bench-stable photolabile compounds) in a switchable solvent-controlled manner. Arylazo sulfones served as the aryl and sulfonyl radical precursors under blue LED irradiation for the synthesis of trans-stilbenes and (E)-vinyl sulfones in CH3CN and dioxane/H2O 2 : 1, respectively. The absence of any metal, photocatalyst and additive; excellent selectivity (E-stereochemistry) and solvent-switchability; and the use of visible light and ambient temperature are the prime assets of the developed method. Moreover, we report the first photocatalyst-free visible light-driven route to synthesize stilbenes and vinyl sulfones from readily available β-nitrostyrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Chawla
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India.
| | - Shefali Jaiswal
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India.
| | - P K Dutta
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India.
| | - Lal Dhar S Yadav
- Green Synthesis Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
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11
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Li A, Li Y, Liu J, Chen J, Lu K, Qiu D, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Zhao X. Metal-Free Trifluoromethylthiolation of Arylazo Sulfones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1292-1299. [PMID: 33350303 PMCID: PMC8765700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-driven protocol for the synthesis of aryl trifluoromethyl thioethers under photocatalyst- and metal-free conditions has been pursued. The procedure exploits the peculiar properties of arylazo sulfones (having electron-rich or electron-poor substituents on the (hetero)aromatic ring) as photochemical precursors of aryl radicals and S-trifluoromethyl arylsulfonothioates as easy-to-handle trifluoromethylthiolating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankun Li
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Lu
- College
of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of
Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Xia Zhao
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Liu J, Tian M, Li Y, Shan X, Li A, Lu K, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Zhao X. Metal‐Free Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Aryl Selenides and Tellurides via Visible Light‐Driven Activation of Arylazo Sulfones. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin P. R. China
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia V. Le Taramelli 12 Pavia Italy
| | - Xiwen Shan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Ankun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Kui Lu
- College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science & Technology 300457 Tianjin China
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia V. Le Taramelli 12 Pavia Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab Department of Chemistry University of Pavia V. Le Taramelli 12 Pavia Italy
| | - Xia Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin P. R. China
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13
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Qiu D, Lian C, Mao J, Fagnoni M, Protti S. Dyedauxiliary Groups, an Emerging Approach in Organic Chemistry. The Case of Arylazo Sulfones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12813-12822. [PMID: 32956584 PMCID: PMC8011925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of research papers that report photocatalyst-free protocols is currently increasing. Among the different approaches proposed, the conversion of a strong C-X bond of a stable substrate into a photolabile reactive moiety has been recently proposed. In this Synopsis, we introduce the so-dubbed dyedauxiliary group strategy by focusing on arylazo sulfones that are bench stable and visible-light responsive derivatives of anilines that have been exploited as precursors of a wide range of intermediates, including carbon-centered radicals as well as aryl cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Chang Lian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Jinshan Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, P.R. China
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V. Le Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
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