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Wang C, Yang N, Li C, He J, Li H. Tuning Benzylic C-H Functionalization of (Thio)xanthenes with Electrochemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:6139. [PMID: 37630392 PMCID: PMC10459638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a tunable electrochemical benzylic C-H functionalization of (thio)xanthenes with terminal alkynes and nitriles in the absence of any catalyst or external chemical oxidant. The benzylic C-H functionalization can be well controlled by varying the electrochemical conditions, affording the specific coupling products via C-C and C-N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changji Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 168 Taifeng Road, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (N.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (N.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Jian He
- Hefei New Online Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 235000, China;
| | - Hongji Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (N.Y.); (C.L.)
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2
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Das M, Zamani L, Bratcher C, Musacchio PZ. Azolation of Benzylic C-H Bonds via Photoredox-Catalyzed Carbocation Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10.1021/jacs.2c12850. [PMID: 36757817 PMCID: PMC10409882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light photoredox-catalyzed method is reported that enables the coupling between benzylic C-H substrates and N-H azoles. Classically, medicinally relevant N-benzyl azoles are produced via harsh substitution conditions between the azole and a benzyl electrophile in the presence of strong bases at high temperatures. Use of C-H bonds as the alkylating partner streamlines the preparation of these important motifs. In this work, we report the use of N-alkoxypyridinium salts as a critically enabling reagent for the development of a general C(sp3)-H azolation. The platform enables the alkylation of electron-deficient, -neutral, and -rich azoles with a range of C-H bonds, most notably secondary and tertiary partners. Moreover, the protocol is mild enough to tolerate benzyl electrophiles, thus offering an orthogonal approach to existing SN2 and cross-coupling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoy Das
- Department of Chemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Leila Zamani
- Department of Chemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Christopher Bratcher
- Department of Chemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Patricia Z Musacchio
- Department of Chemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
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3
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Song Q, Zhao H, Sun Y, Jiang H, Zhang M. Direct C(sp
3
)–H Sulfonylation of Xanthene Derivatives with Sodium Sulfinates by Oxidative Copper Catalysis. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Song
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - He Zhao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
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4
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Ghosh D, Ghosh S, Hajra A. Electrochemical Functionalization of Imidazopyridine and Indazole: An Overview. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry St. Joseph's College (Autonomous) Bangalore 560027 Karnataka India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
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5
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Hori D, Yum JH, Sugiyama H, Park S. Tropylium Derivatives as New Entrants that Sense Quadruplex Structures. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ji Hye Yum
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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6
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7
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Meng H, Sun K, Xu Z, Tian L, Wang Y. P(III)‐Assisted Electrochemical Access to Ureas via in situ Generation of Isocyanates from Hydroxamic Acids. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Meng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF) Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Kunhui Sun
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF) Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF) Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Lifang Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF) Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF) Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 211816 Nanjing China
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8
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Oliva M, Coppola GA, Van der Eycken EV, Sharma UK. Photochemical and Electrochemical Strategies towards Benzylic C−H Functionalization: A Recent Update. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Oliva
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC) Department of Chemistry University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Guglielmo A. Coppola
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC) Department of Chemistry University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC) Department of Chemistry University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya street RU-117198 Moscow Russia
| | - Upendra K. Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC) Department of Chemistry University of Leuven (KU Leuven) Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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9
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Galenko EE, Bodunov VA, Kryukova MA, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF. Buchner Reaction/Azirine Modification Approach Toward Cycloheptatriene Containing Nitrogen Heterocyclic Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4098-4111. [PMID: 33571409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reaction conditions for the Buchner reaction of 2-(diazoacetyl)-2H-azirines with benzene leading to 2-(cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)-2H-azirines have been found. The azirine fragment of these compounds was subsequently used to prepare 5-(cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)isoxazoles and α-(cyclohepta-2,4,6-triene-1-ylcarbonyl)-1H-pyrroles. NMR and DFT calculations showed that the cycloheptatriene-norcaradiene valence isomerization in the corresponding moieties of synthesized azirines, isoxazoles, and pyrroles is very fast at room temperature. Cycloheptatriene valence isomer predominates in azirines and pyrroles, while 5-(cycloheptatrienyl)isoxazoles exist in a pure cycloheptatriene form at 25 °C in chloroform solution. In accordance with the X-ray analysis, two of the synthesized pyrroles crystallized as norcaradiene isomers from a solution of equilibrium mixture of valence isomers. Reductive isoxazole ring opening using the Mo(CO)6/H2O reductive system afforded (Z)-3-amino-3-aryl-1-(cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones, which are pure cycloheptatriene isomers. α-(Cycloheptatrieneylcarbonyl)-1H-pyrroles were transformed into the α-(benzylcarbonyl)-1H-pyrroles under cooperative TFA/Rh2(TFA)4 catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina E Galenko
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Bodunov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mariya A Kryukova
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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10
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Wu M, Yu L, Hou H, Chen H, Zhuang Q, Zhou S, Lin X. Electrochemistry-Enabled Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols for the Preparation of Quinazolinones in Water. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202012028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Maia M, Resende DISP, Durães F, Pinto MMM, Sousa E. Xanthenes in Medicinal Chemistry - Synthetic strategies and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:113085. [PMID: 33310284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthenes are a special class of oxygen-incorporating tricyclic compounds. Structurally related to xanthones, the presence of different substituents in position 9 strongly influences their physical and chemical properties, as well as their biological applications. This review explores the synthetic methodologies developed to obtain 9H-xanthene, 9-hydroxyxanthene and xanthene-9-carboxylic acid, as well as respective derivatives, from simple starting materials or through modification of related structures. Azaxanthenes, bioisosteres of xanthenes, are also explored. Efficiency, safety, ecological impact and applicability of the described synthetic methodologies are discussed. Synthesis of multi-functionalized derivatives with drug-likeness properties are also reported and their activities explored. Synthetic methodologies for obtaining (aza)xanthenes from simple building blocks are available, and electrochemical and/or metal free procedures recently developed arise as greener and efficient methodologies. Nonetheless, the synthesis of xanthenes through the modification of the carbonyl in position 9 of xanthones represents the most straightforward procedure to easily obtain a variety of (aza)xanthenes. (Aza)xanthene derivatives displayed biological activity as neuroprotector, antitumor, antimicrobial, among others, proving the versatility of this nucleus for different biological applications. However, in some cases their chemical structures suggest a lack of pharmacokinetic properties being associated with safety concerns, which should be overcome if intended for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Maia
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana I S P Resende
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Durães
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Verma SK, Prajapati A, Saini MK, Basak AK. Lewis Acid Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of 2‐Aryloxybenzaldehydes and 2‐(Arylthio)benzaldehydes to Unsubstituted 9
H
‐Xanthenes and Thioxanthenes in Diisopropyl Ether. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Verma
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | | | - Manoj Kumar Saini
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Ashok K. Basak
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
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13
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Yang YZ, Wu YC, Song RJ, Li JH. Electrochemical dehydrogenative cross-coupling of xanthenes with ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7585-7588. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An oxidant-free electrochemical dehydrogenative cross-coupling of xanthenes and ketones for the preparation of functionalized 9-alkyl-9H-xanthenes was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Yan-Chen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
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14
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Shao X, Zheng Y, Tian L, Martín-Torres I, Echavarren AM, Wang Y. Decarboxylative Csp3–N Bond Formation by Electrochemical Oxidation of Amino Acids. Org Lett 2019; 21:9262-9267. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Shao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lifang Tian
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Torres
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yahui Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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Xu Z, Zheng Y, Wang Z, Shao X, Tian L, Wang Y. Triphenylphosphine-assisted dehydroxylative Csp3–N bond formation via electrochemical oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:15089-15092. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08622f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A dehydroxylative Csp3–N coupling by electrochemical oxidation with readily available alcohols as substrates and a wide variety of azoles and amides as N-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Xiaoqing Shao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Lifang Tian
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
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