1
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Razumkov H, Jiang Z, Baek K, You I, Geng Q, Donovan KA, Tang MT, Metivier RJ, Mageed N, Seo P, Li Z, Byun WS, Hinshaw SM, Sarott RC, Fischer ES, Gray NS. Discovery of CRBN-dependent WEE1 Molecular Glue Degraders from a Multicomponent Combinatorial Library. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.04.592550. [PMID: 38746375 PMCID: PMC11092764 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.04.592550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Small molecules promoting protein-protein interactions produce a range of therapeutic outcomes. Molecular glue degraders exemplify this concept due to their compact drug-like structures and ability to engage targets without reliance on existing cognate ligands. While Cereblon molecular glue degraders containing glutarimide scaffolds have been approved for treatment of multiple myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia, the design of new therapeutically relevant monovalent degraders remains challenging. We report here an approach to glutarimide-containing molecular glue synthesis using multicomponent reactions as a central modular core-forming step. Screening the resulting library identified HRZ-01 derivatives that target casein kinase 1 alpha (CK1α) and Wee-like protein kinase (WEE1). Further medicinal chemistry efforts led to identification of selective monovalent WEE1 degraders that provide a potential starting point for the eventual development of a selective chemical degrader probe. The structure of the hit WEE1 degrader complex with CRBN-DDB1 and WEE1 provides a model of the protein-protein interface and a rationale for the observed kinase selectivity. Our findings suggest that modular synthetic routes combined with in-depth structural characterization give access to selective molecular glue degraders and expansion of the CRBN-degradable proteome.
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2
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Martinho LA, Andrade CKZ. HPW-Catalyzed environmentally benign approach to imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:628-637. [PMID: 38533469 PMCID: PMC10964034 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine moiety is present in drugs with several biological activities. The most direct way of obtaining this nucleus is the Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé three-component reaction (GBB-3CR) between aminopyridines, aldehydes, and isocyanides under both Lewis and Brønsted acid catalysis. However, several catalysts for this reaction have major drawbacks such as being expensive, extremely dangerous, strong oxidizing, and even explosive. In this scenario, heteropolyacids emerge as greener and safer alternatives due to their very strong Brønsted acidity. In particular, phosphotungstic acid (HPW) is an economical and green attractive catalyst for being cheap, non-toxic, and is known for its chemical and thermal stability. Herein, we report a straightforward approach to the GBB-3CR using HPW as catalyst in ethanol under microwave (μw) heating. This convenient environmentally benign methodology is broad in scope, provides the heterobicyclic products in high yields (up to 99%), with a low catalyst loading (2 mol %) in only 30 minutes, and allows the successful use of aliphatic aldehydes, substrates not so frequently explored with most usual catalysts for this reaction. Furthermore, the aforementioned advantages make this methodology very attractive and superior to the existing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan A Martinho
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética (LaQMOS), Universidade de Brasília, 70904-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Kleber Z Andrade
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética (LaQMOS), Universidade de Brasília, 70904-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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3
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Kamboj P, Tyagi V. Enzymatic Synthesis of Indole-Based Imidazopyridine using α-Amylase. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300824. [PMID: 38279707 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold has gained significant attention due to its presence as a lead structure in several commercially available pharmaceuticals like zolimidine, zolpidem, olprinone, soraprazan, etc. Further, indole-based imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives have been found interesting due to their anticancer and antibacterial activities. However, limited methods have been reported for the synthesis of indole-based imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. In this study, we have successfully developed a biocatalytic process for synthesizing indole-based imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives using the α-amylase enzyme catalyzed Groebke-Blackburn-Bienayme (GBB) multicomponent reaction of 2-aminopyridine, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, and isocyanide. The generality and robustness of this protocol were shown by synthesizing differently substituted indole-based imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in good isolated yields. Furthermore, to make α-amylase a reusable catalyst for GBB multicomponent reaction, it was immobilized onto magnetic metal-organic framework (MOF) materials [Fe3 O4 @MIL-100(Fe)] and found reusable up to four consecutive catalytic cycles without the significant loss in catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kamboj
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar institute of engineering and technology (TIET), Patiala, Punjab, India, 147004
| | - Vikas Tyagi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar institute of engineering and technology (TIET), Patiala, Punjab, India, 147004
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4
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Aghaie K, Amiri K, Rezaei-Gohar M, Rominger F, Dar'in D, Sapegin A, Balalaie S. Transition-metal-free intramolecular double hydrofunctionalization of alkyne to access 6/7/5-fused heterocyclic skeletons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2661-2664. [PMID: 38351677 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
We describe a novel intramolecular double hydrofunctionalization cyclization of alkyne with nitrogen and oxygen nucleophilic groups to construct valuable 6/7/5-fused heterocyclic products. This post-Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé (GBB) reaction introduces a new class of functionalized isocyanides. Transition-metal-free cyclization, broad substrate scope, and high atom economy were some features of the present protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Aghaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kamran Amiri
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Rezaei-Gohar
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 271, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Sapegin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Zhang Y, Shaabani S, Vowinkel K, Trombetta-Lima M, Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Chen T, Hoekstra J, Lembeck J, Schmidt M, Decher N, Dömling A, Dolga AM. Novel SK channel positive modulators prevent ferroptosis and excitotoxicity in neuronal cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116163. [PMID: 38242037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel activity has been proposed to play a role in the pathology of several neurological diseases. Besides regulating plasma membrane excitability, SK channel activation provides neuroprotection against ferroptotic cell death by reducing mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we employed a multifaceted approach, integrating structure-based and computational techniques, to strategically design and synthesize an innovative class of potent small-molecule SK2 channel modifiers through highly efficient multicomponent reactions (MCRs). The compounds' neuroprotective activity was compared with the well-studied SK positive modulator, CyPPA. Pharmacological SK channel activation by selected compounds confers neuroprotection against ferroptosis at low nanomolar ranges compared to CyPPA, that mediates protection at micromolar concentrations, as shown by an MTT assay, real-time cell impedance measurements and propidium iodide staining (PI). These novel compounds suppress increased mitochondrial ROS and Ca2+ level induced by ferroptosis inducer RSL3. Moreover, axonal degeneration was rescued by these novel SK channel activators in primary mouse neurons and they attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal excitability, as shown via microelectrode array. Meanwhile, functional afterhyperpolarization of the novel SK2 channel modulators was validated by electrophysiological measurements showing more current change induced by the novel modulators than the reference compound, CyPPA. These data support the notion that SK2 channel activation can represent a therapeutic target for brain diseases in which ferroptosis and excitotoxicity contribute to the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuequ Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsty Vowinkel
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies and Biopharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Hoekstra
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Lembeck
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Chatziorfanou E, Romero AR, Chouchane L, Dömling A. Crystal Clear: Decoding Isocyanide Intermolecular Interactions through Crystallography. J Org Chem 2024; 89:957-974. [PMID: 38175810 PMCID: PMC10804414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The isocyanide group is the chameleon among the functional groups in organic chemistry. Unlike other multiatom functional groups, where the electrophilic and nucleophilic moieties are typically separated, isocyanides combine both functionalities in the terminal carbon. This unique feature can be rationalized using the frontier orbital concept and has significant implications for its intermolecular interactions and the reactivity of the functional group. In this study, we perform a Cambridge Crystallographic Database-supported analysis of isocyanide intramolecular interactions to investigate the intramolecular interactions of isocyanides in the solid state, excluding isocyanide-metal complexes. We discuss examples of different interaction classes, including the isocyanide as a hydrogen bond acceptor (RNC···HX), halogen bonding (RNC···X), and interactions involving the isocyanide and carbon atoms (RNC···C). The latter interaction serves as an intriguing illustration of a Bürgi-Dunitz trajectory and represents a crucial experimental detail in the well-known multicomponent reactions such as the Ugi- and Passerini-type mechanisms. Understanding the spectrum of intramolecular interactions that isocyanides can undergo holds significant implications in fields such as medicinal chemistry, materials science, and asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Chatziorfanou
- Innovative
Chemistry Group, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Czech Advanced Technology and
Research Institute, Palacky University in
Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Atilio Reyes Romero
- Genetic
Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O.
Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Genetic
Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O.
Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York 10021, United States
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Innovative
Chemistry Group, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Czech Advanced Technology and
Research Institute, Palacky University in
Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
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7
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Hosseinzadeh H, Rad-Moghadam K, Mehrdad M, Rouhi S. Starch mediates and cements densely magnetite-coating of talc, giving an efficient nano-catalyst for three-component synthesis of imidazo[1,2-c]quinazolines. Sci Rep 2024; 14:666. [PMID: 38182779 PMCID: PMC10770035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot-water-soluble starch (HWSS) was used as a powerful cementing material to produce nano-size conglomerates of talc and magnetite nanoparticles. Coordination of HWSS hydroxyl groups to iron atoms at surface of magnetite leads to grafting and encapsulation of its nanoparticles. The resulting nano-complex showed a higher loading capacity on talc than pristine magnetite nanoparticles. Only a minute amount of HWSS was detected in the fabricated nano-composite Talc\HWSS@Fe3O4. XPS study suggests a considerable interaction between HWSS and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, upon which some of the Fe+3 atoms on surface of Fe3O4 are reduced into Fe+2 atoms. ATR FT-IR spectra of the nano-composite revealed significant delamination of talc sheets on interaction with HWSS-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The nano-composite displayed an efficient catalytic activity in the synthesis of new imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline derivatives via Grobke-Blackburn-Bienaymé three-component reaction of 4-aminoquinazoline, arylaldehydes and isocyanide. The efficiency of the method was exemplified by synthesizing 7 new products in fairly high yields (68-83%) within short reaction times (24-30 min) using a catalytic amount of the catalyst under solvent-free condition at 120 °C. Clean and fast synthesis of the products and convenient separation of the robust nano-catalyst are the prominent advantages of the present method. The nano-catalyst was properly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morteza Mehrdad
- Chemistry Department, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41335-1914, Iran
| | - Somayeh Rouhi
- Chemistry Department, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41335-1914, Iran
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8
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Fragkiadakis M, Anastasiou PK, Volyrakis I, Pantousas A, Stoumpos CC, Neochoritis CG. C1 functionalization of imidazo heterocycles via carbon dioxide fixation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14411-14414. [PMID: 37975204 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04597h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing CO2 as a one-carbon building block in the preparation of high-value chemical entities is a cornerstone of modern organic synthesis. Herein, we exemplify this strategy through a mild, one-pot methodology that gives rapid access to N-heteroaryl substituted 6-, 8- and 9-membered carbamates via CO2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioannis Volyrakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Pantousas
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, Voutes, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Constantinos C Stoumpos
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, Voutes, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
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9
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Shankar B, Kumar B, Kumar S, Arora A, Kavita, Tomar R, Singh BK. Efficient synthesis of glycosylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via solvent catalysed Groebke-Blackburn-Bienayme reaction. Carbohydr Res 2023; 534:108974. [PMID: 37922684 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A solvent catalysed and metal catalyst-free Groebke-Blackburn-Bienayame three component reaction (GBB-3CR) has been developed for the synthesis of 2-(β-D-glycal-1-yl)-3-N-alkylamino-1-azaindolizines and 2-alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl-3-N-alkylamino-1-azaindolizines. The modified GBB reaction protocol is highly efficient, versatile, atom economic and has been performed in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) without any added catalyst. The GBB-3CR showed high tolerance for a large no of substrates in term of aldehydes, differently substituted 2-aminopyridines and isocyanides without being affected by the presence of electron donating and electron withdrawing substituents at either aldehydes or 2-aminopyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawani Shankar
- Department of Chemistry, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India; Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Banty Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Rajdhani College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110015, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Aditi Arora
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Kavita
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rashmi Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, M.S.J. College, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321001, India
| | - Brajendra K Singh
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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10
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Morja MI, Moradiya RB, Chikhalia KH. First-row transition metal for isocyanide-involving multicomponent reactions (IMCR). Mol Divers 2023; 27:2895-2934. [PMID: 36538208 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
First-row transition metal catalyzed transformations that are able to construct complex molecules from simple, readily obtainable feedstocks have become a keystone of modern synthetic organic chemistry. Particularly, the multicomponent reaction (MCR) involving carbon-carbon (C-C) as well as carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bond formation plays an essential role in many chemical conversions, and insurgencies in these reactions powerfully improve the overall synthetic efficiency. Recently, MCRs emerges rapidly because of its greener sides like eco-friendly nature, swift and straightforward execution, high atom/step economy, and construction of aimed product with lowest or no by-product, usually in quantitative yield. Curiously, the exceptional divalent carbon atoms of isocyanides make them predominantly useful components in multicomponent reactions. As a result of widespread research over the past few decades, numerous well-designed and effective procedures for the first-row TM-catalyzed MCR to afford the various entities have been reported. These aspects are summarized in this review article. A particular focus on comparative discussion of various first-row transition-metal catalyzed isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions through mechanistic details included in the review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur I Morja
- Department of Chemistry, Government Science College, Vankal, Surat, Gujarat, 394430, India
| | - Riddhi B Moradiya
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, 395007, India
| | - Kishor H Chikhalia
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, 395007, India.
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11
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Kumar R, Singh R, das Chagas Almeida A, da Trindade Granato J, de Oliveira Lemos AS, Kumar K, Patil MT, da Silva AD, Rode AB, Coimbra ES, Salunke DB. Imidazo[1,2- a]pyrimidine as a New Antileishmanial Pharmacophore against Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes and Amastigotes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40613-40621. [PMID: 37929127 PMCID: PMC10621021 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania poses a substantial threat to the human population all over the globe because of its visceral and cutaneous spread engendered by all 20 species. Unfortunately, the available drugs against leishmania are already hobbled with toxicity, prolonged treatment, and increasing instances of acquirement of resistance. Under these grave circumstances, the development of new drugs has become imperative to keep these harmful microbes at bay. To this end, a Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé multicomponent reaction-based library of different imidazo-fused heterocycles has been synthesized and screened against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes. Among the library compounds, the imidazo-pyrimidine 24 has been found to be the most effective (inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) < 10 μM), with selective antileishmanial activity on amastigote forms, a stage of the parasite related to human disease. The compound 24 has exhibited an IC50 value of 6.63 μM, being ∼two times more active than miltefosine, a reference drug. Furthermore, this compound is >10 times more destructive to the intracellular parasites than host cells. The observed in vitro antileishmanial activity along with suitable in silico physicochemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of compound 24 reinforce the imidazo-pyrimidine scaffold as a new antileishmanial pharmacophore and encourage further murine experimental leishmaniasis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Ayla das Chagas Almeida
- Department
of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological
Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de
Fora, Juiz de
Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Trindade Granato
- Department
of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological
Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de
Fora, Juiz de
Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ari Sérgio de Oliveira Lemos
- Department
of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological
Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de
Fora, Juiz de
Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Kushvinder Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Madhuri T. Patil
- Mehr
Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women, Sector 36, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Adilson D. da Silva
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Exacts Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Ambadas B. Rode
- Regional
Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science
Cluster, third Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad - 121 001, India
| | - Elaine S. Coimbra
- Department
of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological
Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de
Fora, Juiz de
Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Deepak B. Salunke
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
- National
Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutic and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
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12
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Patil P, Zheng Q, Kurpiewska K, Dömling A. The isocyanide S N2 reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5807. [PMID: 37726293 PMCID: PMC10509164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction is a vital organic transformation used for drug and natural product synthesis. Nucleophiles like cyanide, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorous replace halogens or sulfonyl esters, forming new bonds. Isocyanides exhibit unique C-centered lone pair σ and π* orbitals, enabling diverse radical and multicomponent reactions. Despite this, their nucleophilic potential in SN2 reactions remains unexplored. We have uncovered that isocyanides act as versatile nucleophiles in SN2 reactions with alkyl halides. This yields highly substituted secondary amides through in situ nitrilium ion hydrolysis introducing an alternative bond break compared to classical amide synthesis. This novel 3-component process accommodates various isocyanide and electrophile structures, functional groups, scalability, late-stage drug modifications, and complex compound synthesis. This reaction greatly expands chemical diversity, nearly doubling the classical amid coupling's chemical space. Notably, the isocyanide nucleophile presents an unconventional Umpolung amide carbanion synthon (R-NHC(-) = O), an alternative to classical amide couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Patil
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palackӯ University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palackӯ University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Zhong CR, Zhang YH, Yao G, Zhu HL, Hu YD, Zeng ZG, Liao CZ, He HT, Luo YT, Xiong J. Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine-Fused 1,3-Benzodiazepine Derivatives with Anticancer Activity via a One-Pot Cascade GBB-3CR/Pd(II)-Catalyzed Azide-Isocyanide Coupling/Cyclization Process. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13125-13134. [PMID: 37616489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A new one-pot synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-fused 1,3-benzodiazepine derivatives via a sequential GBB-3CR/Pd(II)-catalyzed azide-isocyanide coupling/cyclization process was developed. The Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé three-component reactions (GBB-3CR) of 2-aminopyridine, 2-azidobenzaldehydes, and isocyanides in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid gave azide intermediates without separation. The reaction was followed by using another molecule of isocyanides to produce imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-fused 1,3-benzodiazepine derivatives in good yields by the Pd(II)-catalyzed azide-isocyanide coupling/cyclization reaction. The synthetic approach produces novel nitrogen-fused polycyclic heterocycles under mild reaction conditions. The preliminary biological evaluation demonstrated that compound 6a inhibited glioma cells efficiently, suggesting potentially broad applications of the approach for synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ran Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yang-Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Gang Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Li Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Di Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zeng
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhou Liao
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ting He
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ting Luo
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100 Hubei, P. R. China
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14
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Fragkiadakis M, Anastasiou PK, Zingiridis M, Triantafyllou-Rundell ME, Reyes Romero A, Stoumpos CC, Neochoritis CG. Instant Macrocyclizations via Multicomponent Reactions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12709-12715. [PMID: 37596972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles fascinate chemists due to both their structure and their applications. However, we still lack efficient and sustainable synthetic methods, giving us straightforward access to them. Herein, a rapid macrocyclization utilizing a two-step, one-pot approach based on orthogonal multicomponent reaction (MCR) tactics is introduced. This synthetic protocol, which is based on Ugi and Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reactions with isocyanides tethered to alkyl tosylates, yields medium sized macrocycles that are otherwise difficult to achieve. Single crystal structures reveal conformational reorganization via intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and modeling studies profile the synthesized libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marios Zingiridis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Atilio Reyes Romero
- Genetic Intelligence Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, P.O. Box 24144, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Constantinos C Stoumpos
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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15
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Rezaei-Gohar M, Amiri K, Aghaie K, Nayebzadeh B, Ariafard A, Shiri F, Rominger F, Dar'in D, Krasavin M, Balalaie S. Domino Cyclization Reaction of o-Diisocyanoarenes for the Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridinobenzimidazole Backbones. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37487026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
An efficient procedure to access a variety of connected imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and benzimidazole skeletons through the C-N bond was described as a new type of Buchwald-Hartwig reaction. Furthermore, the bis(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)aryl-1,2-diamine scaffolds were obtained by changing the equivalent ratio of the starting materials. Some advantages of the protocol are the formation of four new bonds (C═C, C-N), a transition-metal-free reaction, a broad substrate scope, high yields, and mild reaction conditions. The reaction mechanism was confirmed on the basis of DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezaei-Gohar
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Amiri
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Aghaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Nayebzadeh
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Farshad Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 271, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
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16
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An Y, Lee J, Seo H, Bae S, Kang J, Lee J, Kim J, Nam MH, Song M, Hwang GT. Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé Reaction for DNA-Encoded Library Technology. Org Lett 2023; 25:4445-4450. [PMID: 37310879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a DNA-compatible synthesis of diverse 5-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-amine derivatives using the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, followed by a Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé (GBB) reaction. The GBB reaction demonstrates a wide substrate scope, mild one-pot reaction conditions, and compatibility with subsequent enzymatic ligation, highlighting its potential in DNA-encoded library technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin An
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Seo
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDIhub), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Seri Bae
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDIhub), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Kang
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDIhub), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieon Lee
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDIhub), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Nam
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Song
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDIhub), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Tae Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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17
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Graziano G, Stefanachi A, Contino M, Prieto-Díaz R, Ligresti A, Kumar P, Scilimati A, Sotelo E, Leonetti F. Multicomponent Reaction-Assisted Drug Discovery: A Time- and Cost-Effective Green Approach Speeding Up Identification and Optimization of Anticancer Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076581. [PMID: 37047554 PMCID: PMC10095429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have emerged as a powerful strategy in synthetic organic chemistry due to their widespread applications in drug discovery and development. MCRs are flexible transformations in which three or more substrates react to form structurally complex products with high atomic efficiency. They are being increasingly appreciated as a highly exploratory and evolutionary tool by the medicinal chemistry community, opening the door to more sustainable, cost-effective and rapid synthesis of biologically active molecules. In recent years, MCR-based synthetic strategies have found extensive application in the field of drug discovery, and several anticancer drugs have been synthesized through MCRs. In this review, we present an overview of representative and recent literature examples documenting different approaches and applications of MCRs in the development of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Graziano
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angela Stefanachi
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rubén Prieto-Díaz
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Poulami Kumar
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
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18
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Gao L, Shaabani S, Reyes Romero A, Xu R, Ahmadianmoghaddam M, Dömling A. 'Chemistry at the speed of sound': automated 1536-well nanoscale synthesis of 16 scaffolds in parallel. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:1380-1394. [PMID: 36824604 PMCID: PMC9940305 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc04312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Screening of large and diverse libraries is the 'bread and butter' in the first phase of the discovery of novel drugs. However, maintenance and periodic renewal of high-quality large compound collections pose considerable logistic, environmental and monetary problems. Here, we exercise an alternative, the 'on-the-fly' synthesis of large and diverse libraries on a nanoscale in a highly automated fashion. For the first time, we show the feasibility of the synthesis of a large library based on 16 different chemistries in parallel on several 384-well plates using the acoustic dispensing ejection (ADE) technology platform. In contrast to combinatorial chemistry, we produced 16 scaffolds at the same time and in a sparse matrix fashion, and each compound was produced by a random combination of diverse large building blocks. The synthesis, analytics, resynthesis of selected compounds, and chemoinformatic analysis of the library are described. The advantages of the herein described automated nanoscale synthesis approach include great library diversity, absence of library storage logistics, superior economics, speed of synthesis by automation, increased safety, and hence sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Atilio Reyes Romero
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ruixue Xu
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander Dömling
- CATRIN, Department of Innovative Chemistry, Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic
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19
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Guan Q, Zhou LL, Dong YB. Construction of Covalent Organic Frameworks via Multicomponent Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1475-1496. [PMID: 36646043 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) combine at least three reactants to afford the desired product in a highly atom-economic way and are therefore viewed as efficient one-pot combinatorial synthesis tools allowing one to significantly boost molecular complexity and diversity. Nowadays, MCRs are no longer confined to organic synthesis and have found applications in materials chemistry. In particular, MCRs can be used to prepare covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which are crystalline porous materials assembled from organic monomers and exhibit a broad range of properties and applications. This synthetic approach retains the advantages of small-molecule MCRs, not only strengthening the skeletal robustness of COFs, but also providing additional driving forces for their crystallization, and has been used to prepare a series of robust COFs with diverse applications. The present perspective article provides the general background for MCRs, discusses the types of MCRs employed for COF synthesis to date, and addresses the related critical challenges and future perspectives to inspire the MCR-based design of new robust COFs and promote further progress in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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20
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Trejo A, Masdeu C, Serrano-Pérez I, Pedrola M, Juanola N, Ghashghaei O, Jiménez-Galisteo G, Lavilla R, Palacios F, Alonso C, Viñas M. Efficient AntiMycolata Agents by Increasing the Lipophilicity of Known Antibiotics through Multicomponent Reactions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010083. [PMID: 36671284 PMCID: PMC9854905 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
New antibiotic agents were prepared using Povarov and Ugi multicomponent reactions upon the known drugs sulfadoxine and dapsone. The prepared derivatives, with increased lipophilicity, showed improved efficiency against Mycolata bacteria. Microbiological guidance for medicinal chemistry is a powerful tool to design new and effective antimicrobials. In this case, the readily synthesized compounds open new possibilities in the search for antimicrobials active on mycolic acid-containing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Trejo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko, Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Carme Masdeu
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko, Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Irene Serrano-Pérez
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona and IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marina Pedrola
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. de Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcís Juanola
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. de Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ouldouz Ghashghaei
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. de Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Jiménez-Galisteo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona and IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. de Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (C.A.); (M.V.)
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko, Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Concepción Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko, Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (C.A.); (M.V.)
| | - Miguel Viñas
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona and IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (C.A.); (M.V.)
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21
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Synthesis and cytotoxic/antimicrobial screening of 2-alkenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Hurtado-Rodríguez D, Salinas-Torres A, Rojas H, Becerra D, Castillo JC. Bioactive 2-pyridone-containing heterocycle syntheses using multicomponent reactions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34965-34983. [PMID: 36540221 PMCID: PMC9727751 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Pyridone-containing heterocycles are considered privileged scaffolds in drug discovery due to their behavior as hydrogen bond donors and/or acceptors and nonpeptidic mimics, and remarkable physicochemical properties such as metabolic stability, solubility in water, and lipophilicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) for the synthesis of 2-pyridone-containing heterocycles. In particular, it covers the articles published from 1999 to date related to anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, α-glucosidase inhibitor, and cardiotonic activities of 2-pyridone-containing heterocycles obtained exclusively by an MCR. The discussion focuses on bioactivity data, synthetic approaches, plausible reaction mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations to facilitate comparison and underscore the applications of the 2-pyridone motif in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. We also present our conclusions and outlook for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hurtado-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
| | - Angélica Salinas-Torres
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
| | - Hugo Rojas
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
| | - Diana Becerra
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
| | - Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Grupo de Catálisis de la UPTC, Escuela de Ciencias Química, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Avenida Central del Norte 39-115 Tunja Colombia
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23
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Diaza-1,3-butadienes as Useful Intermediate in Heterocycles Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196708. [PMID: 36235245 PMCID: PMC9573662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many heterocyclic compounds can be synthetized using diaza-1,3-butadienes (DADs) as key structural precursors. Isolated and in situ diaza-1,3-butadienes, produced from their respective precursors (typically imines and hydrazones) under a variety of conditions, can both react with a wide range of substrates in many kinds of reactions. Most of these reactions discussed here include nucleophilic additions, Michael-type reactions, cycloadditions, Diels–Alder, inverse electron demand Diels–Alder, and aza-Diels–Alder reactions. This review focuses on the reports during the last 10 years employing 1,2-diaza-, 1,3-diaza-, 2,3-diaza-, and 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes as intermediates to synthesize heterocycles such as indole, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, imidazoline, pyrimidinone, pyrazoline, -lactam, and imidazolidine, among others. Fused heterocycles, such as quinazoline, isoquinoline, and dihydroquinoxaline derivatives, are also included in the review.
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24
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Chen T, Ye F, Hu R, Tang BZ. Multicomponent Polymerizations of Isocyanides, Aldehydes, and 2-Aminopyridine toward Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine-Containing Fused Heterocyclic Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rongrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
- AIE Institute, Guangzhou 510530, China
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25
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Anjos NS, Chapina AI, Santos AR, Licence P, Longo LS. Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé Multicomponent Reaction Catalysed by Reusable Brϕnsted‐Acidic Ionic Liquids. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S. Anjos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of São Paulo – UNIFESP Rua São Nicolau 210 09913-030 Diadema SP Brazil
| | - Agáta I. Chapina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of São Paulo – UNIFESP Rua São Nicolau 210 09913-030 Diadema SP Brazil
| | - Ana R. Santos
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory The University of Nottingham – Jubilee Campus Nottingham NG7 2GA United Kingdom
| | - Peter Licence
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory The University of Nottingham – Jubilee Campus Nottingham NG7 2GA United Kingdom
| | - Luiz S. Longo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Federal University of São Paulo – UNIFESP Rua São Nicolau 210 09913-030 Diadema SP Brazil
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory The University of Nottingham – Jubilee Campus Nottingham NG7 2GA United Kingdom
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26
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Nasiriani T, Javanbakht S, Nazeri MT, Farhid H, Khodkari V, Shaabani A. Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions in Water: Advanced Green Tools for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:50. [PMID: 36136281 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Reaction rate acceleration using green methods is an intriguing area of research for chemists. In this regard, water as a "green solvent" plays a crucial role in the acceleration of some organic transformations and reveals exclusive selectivity and reactivity in comparison with conventional organic solvents. In particular, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) as sustainable tools lead to the rapid generation of small-molecule libraries in water and aqueous media due to the prominent role of the hydrophobic effect. MCRs, as diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) methods, have great efficiency with simple operations, atom, pot, and step economy synthesis, and mechanistic beauty. Among diverse classes of MCRs, isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (I-MCRs), as sustainable and versatile reactions, have gained considerable attention in the synthesis of diverse heterocycle rings, especially in drug design because of the peculiar nature of isocyanide as a particular active reactant. I-MCRs that are performed in water are mild, environmentally friendly, and easily controlled, and have a reduced number of workup, purification, and extraction steps, which fit well with the advantages of "green" chemistry. Performing these powerful organic transformations in water and aqueous media is accompanied by acceleration owing to negative activation volumes, which originate from connecting several reactants together to generate a single product. It should be noted that the combination of MCR strategy and aqueous phase reaction is of growing interest for the development of sustainable synthetic techniques in organic conversions. However, an exclusive account focusing on the recent progress in eco-friendly I-MCRs for the construction of heterocycles in water and aqueous media is particularly lacking. This review highlights the progress of various kinds of I-MCRs in water and aqueous media as benign methods for the efficient construction of vital heterocyclic scaffolds, with a critical discussion of the subject in the period 2000-2021. We hope that this themed collection will be of interest and beneficial for organic and pharmaceutical chemists and will inspire more reaction development in this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Nasiriani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard Street, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Siamak Javanbakht
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard Street, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Nazeri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard Street, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Hassan Farhid
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard Street, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Vida Khodkari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard Street, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshjou Boulevard Street, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran. .,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, RUDN University, 6, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
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27
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Xu R, Wang Z, Zheng Q, Patil P, Dömling A. A Bifurcated Multicomponent Synthesis Approach to Polycyclic Quinazolinones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13023-13033. [PMID: 36095044 PMCID: PMC9552225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The rapid synthesis of diverse substituted polycyclic
quinazolinones
was achieved by two orthogonal Ugi four-component reaction (Ugi-4CR)-based
protocols: the first two-step approach via an ammonia-Ugi-4CR followed
by palladium-catalyzed annulation; in the second approach, cyanamide
was used unprecedently as an amine component in Ugi-4CR followed by
an AIBN/tributyltin hydride-induced radical reaction. Like no other
method, MCR and cyclization could efficiently construct many biologically
interesting compounds with tailored properties in very few steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xu
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Zefeng Wang
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Pravin Patil
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713, AV, The Netherlands
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28
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Novel 5-Nitrofuran-Tagged Imidazo-Fused Azines and Azoles Amenable by the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé Multicomponent Reaction: Activity Profile against ESKAPE Pathogens and Mycobacteria. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092203. [PMID: 36140307 PMCID: PMC9496245 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically diverse set of 13 5-nitrofuran-tagged heterocyclic compounds has been prepared via the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé multicomponent reaction. The testing of these compounds against the so-called ESKAPE panel of pathogens identified an apparent lead compound—N-cyclohexyl-2-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-amine (4a)—which showed an excellent profile against Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC 0.25, 0.06, 0.25 and 0.25 µg/mL, respectively). Its antibacterial profile and practically convenient synthesis warrant further pre-clinical development. Certain structure-activity relationships were established in the course of this study which were rationalized by the flexible docking experiments in silico. The assessment of antitubercular potential of the compounds synthesized against drug sensitive H37v strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed little potential of the imidazo-fused products of the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé multicomponent reaction as chemotherapeutic agents against this pathogen.
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29
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Noba N, Munakata M, Mori T, Kimura M. CO2‐Assisted Stereocontrolled Multi‐component Coupling. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Noba
- Fukushima Kogyo Koto Senmon Gakko Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry JAPAN
| | - Miho Munakata
- Fukushima Kogyo Koto Senmon Gakko Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry JAPAN
| | - Takamichi Mori
- Fukushima Kogyo Koto Senmon Gakko Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry JAPAN
| | - Masanari Kimura
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Engineering Bunkyo 1-14 852-8521 Nagasaki JAPAN
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30
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Hooshmand SE, Yazdani H, Hulme C. Six‐Component Reactions and Beyond: The Nuts and Bolts. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Yazdani
- Independent researcher Independent Researcher Tehran IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Christopher Hulme
- The University of Arizona Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson UNITED STATES
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31
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Becerra D, Abonia R, Castillo JC. Recent Applications of the Multicomponent Synthesis for Bioactive Pyrazole Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154723. [PMID: 35897899 PMCID: PMC9331265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole and its derivatives are considered a privileged N-heterocycle with immense therapeutic potential. Over the last few decades, the pot, atom, and step economy (PASE) synthesis of pyrazole derivatives by multicomponent reactions (MCRs) has gained increasing popularity in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes the recent developments of multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of biologically active molecules containing the pyrazole moiety. Particularly, it covers the articles published from 2015 to date related to antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, and miscellaneous activities of pyrazole derivatives obtained exclusively via an MCR. The reported analytical and activity data, plausible synthetic mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations are organized in concise tables, schemes, and figures to facilitate comparison and underscore the key points of this review. We hope that this review will be helpful in the quest for developing more biologically active molecules and marketed drugs containing the pyrazole moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Becerra
- Escuela de Ciencias Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte, Tunja 150003, Colombia;
| | - Rodrigo Abonia
- Research Group of Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360, Cali 76001, Colombia;
| | - Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Escuela de Ciencias Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte, Tunja 150003, Colombia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-8-740-5626 (ext. 2425)
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32
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Il'in MV, Novikov AS, Bolotin DS. Sulfonium and Selenonium Salts as Noncovalent Organocatalysts for the Multicomponent Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10199-10207. [PMID: 35858372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonium and selenonium salts, represented by S-aryl dibenzothiophenium and Se-aryl dibenzoselenophenium triflates, were found to exhibit remarkable catalytic activity in the model Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction. Kinetic analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that their catalytic effect is induced by the ligation of the reaction substrates to the σ-holes on the S or Se atom of the cations. The experimental data indicated that although 10-fold excess of the chloride totally inhibits the catalytic activity of the sulfonium salts, the selenonium salt remains catalytically active, which can be explained by the experimentally found lower binding constant of the selenonium derivative to chloride in comparison with the sulfonium analogue. Both types of salts exhibit lower catalytic activity in the model reaction than dibenziodolium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Il'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
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33
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Zheng Q, Li X, Kurpiewska K, Dömling A. Synthesis of Tunable Fluorescent Imidazole-Fused Heterocycle Dimers. Org Lett 2022; 24:5014-5017. [PMID: 35830622 PMCID: PMC9490819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A short, concise, and one-pot synthesis of imidazo-fused
heterocycle
dimers with tunable fluorescent properties has been developed. By
the first time use of glyoxal dimethyl acetal in the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé
(GBB) three-component reaction (3CR), the innovation features a new
series of fluorescence-tunable imidazo-fused heterocycle dimers exhibiting
a broad substrate scope with good yields. Luminescence studies demonstrate
that these GBB-dimers possess color-tunable properties, and their
emission colors can be successively changed from blue to green and
yellow by easy substituent control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zheng
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Li
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander Dömling
- University of Groningen, Department of Drug Design, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Nadal Rodríguez P, Ghashghaei O, Bagán A, Escolano C, Lavilla R. Heterocycle-Based Multicomponent Reactions in Drug Discovery: From Hit Finding to Rational Design. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071488. [PMID: 35884794 PMCID: PMC9313418 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the structural complexity necessary for a molecule to selectively display a therapeutical action and the requirements for suitable pharmacokinetics, a robust synthetic approach is essential. Typically, thousands of relatively similar compounds should be prepared along the drug discovery process. In this respect, heterocycle-based multicomponent reactions offer advantages over traditional stepwise sequences in terms of synthetic economy, as well as the fast access to chemsets to study the structure activity relationships, the fine tuning of properties, and the preparation of larger amounts for preclinical phases. In this account, we briefly summarize the scientific methodology backing the research line followed by the group. We comment on the main results, clustered according to the targets and, finally, in the conclusion section, we offer a general appraisal of the situation and some perspectives regarding future directions in academic and private research.
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35
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Stahlberger M, Steinlein O, Adam CR, Rotter M, Hohmann J, Nieger M, Köberle B, Bräse S. Fluorescent annulated imidazo[4,5- c]isoquinolines via a GBB-3CR/imidoylation sequence - DNA-interactions in pUC-19 gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3598-3604. [PMID: 35420107 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00372d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of a sequential synthesis route towards annulated imidazo[4,5-c]isoquinolines comprising a GBB-3CR, followed by an intramolecular imidoylative cyclisation. X-Ray crystallography revealed a flat 3D structure of the obtained polyheterocycles. Thus, we evaluated their interactions with double-stranded DNA by establishing a pUC-19 plasmid-based gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay, revealing a stabilising effect on ds-DNA against strand-break inducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stahlberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - O Steinlein
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C R Adam
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - M Rotter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - J Hohmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - M Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Finland
| | - B Köberle
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - IBCS-FMS, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Herman-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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36
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Smith J, Osunsanya M, Nwadike I, Tankeu B. Acyclic Amidines in the Strecker-Like Groebke-Blackburn-Bienayme’ (GBB) Reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Martinho LA, Andrade CKZ. A greener approach for the synthesis of pyrido[2,3‐
d
]pyrimidine derivatives in glycerol under microwave heating. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luan A. Martinho
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética (LaQMOS), Universidade de Brasília
| | - Carlos Kleber Z. Andrade
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Química Metodológica e Orgânica Sintética (LaQMOS), Universidade de Brasília
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38
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Greener Synthesis of Antiproliferative Furoxans via Multicomponent Reactions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061756. [PMID: 35335119 PMCID: PMC8955377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate and bladder cancers are commonly diagnosed malignancies in men. Several nitric oxide donor compounds with strong antitumor activity have been reported. Thus, continuing with our efforts to explore the chemical space around bioactive furoxan moiety, multicomponent reactions were employed for the rapid generation of molecular diversity and complexity. We herein report the use of Ugi and Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé multicomponent reactions under efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly conditions to synthesize a small collection of nitric-oxide-releasing molecules. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of the synthesized compounds was measured against two different human cancer cell lines, LNCaP (prostate) and T24 (bladder). Almost all compounds displayed antiproliferative activity against both cancer cell lines, providing lead compounds with nanomolar GI50 values against the cancer bladder cell line with selectivity indices higher than 10.
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39
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Il'in MV, Sysoeva AA, Novikov AS, Bolotin DS. Diaryliodoniums as Hybrid Hydrogen- and Halogen-Bond-Donating Organocatalysts for the Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4569-4579. [PMID: 35176856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dibenziodolium and diphenyliodonium triflates display high catalytic activity for the multicomponent reaction that leads to a series of imidazopyridines. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that both the salts can play the role of hybrid hydrogen- and halogen-bond-donating organocatalysts, which electrophilically activate the carbonyl and imine groups during the reaction process. The ortho-H atoms in the vicinal position to the I atom play a dual role: forming additional noncovalent bonds with the ligated substrate and increasing the maximum electrostatic potential on the σ-hole at the iodine atom owing to the effects of polarization. Dibenziodolium triflate exhibits higher catalytic activity, and the results obtained from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titrations, in conjunction with those from DFT calculations, indicate that this could be explained in terms of the additional energy required for the rotation of the phenyl ring in the diphenyliodonium cation during ligation of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Il'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A Sysoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
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40
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Jalani HB, Jeong J. p‐
Toluenesulfonic
acid Catalyzed,
Isocyanide‐Free
,
Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienayme
(
GBB
) Type Multicomponent Synthesis of
3‐Anilino
‐imdazo[1,2‐a]pyridines. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh B. Jalani
- College of Pharmacy Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak‐ro, Yeonsu‐gu Incheon South Korea
- Smart BioPharm, 310‐Pilotplant, Incheon Techno‐Park, 12‐Gaetbeol‐ro, Yeonsu‐gu Incheon South Korea
| | - Jin‐Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak‐ro, Yeonsu‐gu Incheon South Korea
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41
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de la Sovera V, López GV, Porcal W. Synthetic study of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural in Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé reaction. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria de la Sovera
- Universidad de la Republica Facultad de Quimica Organic Chemistry Department URUGUAY
| | - Gloria V. López
- Universidad de la República Facultad de Química Organic Chemistry Department Avda. Gral. Flores 2124Uruguay 11800 Montevideo URUGUAY
| | - Williams Porcal
- Universidad de la Republica Facultad de Química Organic Chemistry department Avda. Gral. Flores 2124Montevideo 11800 Montevideo URUGUAY
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42
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Singh R, Kumar R, Kaur M, Patil MT, Sahoo SC, Salunke DB. Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé
multicomponent reaction coupled with unconventional
Pictet–Spengler
cyclization for the synthesis of imidazo[4,5‐
b
]pyridine fused polycyclic heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Madhuri T. Patil
- Department of Chemistry Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women Chandigarh India
| | - Subash Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Deepak B. Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
- National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials Panjab University Chandigarh India
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zheng
- Department of Drug Design University of Groningen Design A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design University of Groningen Design A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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44
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Kurteva V. Recent Progress in Metal-Free Direct Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridines. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35173-35185. [PMID: 34984250 PMCID: PMC8717391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This Mini-Review highlights the most effective protocols for metal-free direct synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, crucial target products and key intermediates, developed in the past decade. The emphases is given on the ecological impact of the methods and on the mechanistic aspects as well. The procedures efficiently applied in the preparation of important drugs and promising drug candidates are also underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya Kurteva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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45
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Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3637-3710. [PMID: 34910451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The principles of green chemistry (GC) can be comprehensively implemented in green synthesis of pharmaceuticals by choosing no solvents or green solvents (preferably water), alternative reaction media, and consideration of one-pot synthesis, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), continuous processing, and process intensification approaches for atom economy and final waste reduction. The GC's execution in green synthesis can be performed using a holistic design of the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) life cycle, minimizing hazards and pollution, and capitalizing the resource efficiency in the synthesis technique. Thus, the presented review accounts for the comprehensive exploration of GC's principles and metrics, an appropriate implication of those ideas in each step of the reaction schemes, from raw material to an intermediate to the final product's synthesis, and the final execution of the synthesis into scalable industry-based production. For real-life examples, we have discussed the synthesis of a series of established generic pharmaceuticals, starting with the raw materials, and the intermediates of the corresponding pharmaceuticals. Researchers and industries have thoughtfully instigated a green synthesis process to control the atom economy and waste reduction to protect the environment. We have extensively discussed significant reactions relevant for green synthesis, one-pot cascade synthesis, MCRs, continuous processing, and process intensification, which may contribute to the future of green and sustainable synthesis of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Section for Toxicology and Chemistry, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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46
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Abstract
2-Aminopyridine is a simple, low molecular weight and perfectly functionalised moiety known for the synthesis of diverse biological molecules. Many pharmaceutical companies across the globe aim to synthesise low-molecular weight molecules for use as pharmacophores against various biological targets. 2-Aminopyridine can serve as a perfect locomotive in the synthesis and pulling of such molecules towards respective pharmacological goals. The major advantage of this moiety is its simple design, which can be used to produce single products with minimum side reactions. Moreover, the exact weight of synthesised compounds is low, which enables facile identification of toxicity-causing metabolites in drug discovery programmes. This manuscript is a quick review of such pharmacophores derived from 2-aminopyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Nishanth Rao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India.
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India.
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47
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Post-condensational modifications of the Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé reaction products for scaffold-oriented synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Stahlberger M, Schwarz N, Zippel C, Hohmann J, Nieger M, Hassan Z, Bräse S. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of [2.2]Paracyclophane-derived Fused Imidazo[1,2-a]heterocycles by Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé Reaction: Accessing Cyclophanyl Imidazole Ligands Library. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103511. [PMID: 34792822 PMCID: PMC9300155 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis of a [2.2]paracyclophane‐derived annulated 3‐amino‐imidazole ligand library through a Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé three‐component reaction (GBB‐3CR) approach employing formyl‐cyclophanes in combination with diverse aliphatic and aromatic isocyanides and heteroaromatic amidines. The GBB‐3CR process gives access to skeletally‐diverse cyclophanyl imidazole ligands, namely 3‐amino‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines and imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazines. Additionally, a one‐pot protocol for the GBB‐3CR by an in situ generation of cyclophanyl isocyanide is demonstrated. The products were analyzed by detailed spectroscopic techniques, and the cyclophanyl imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine was confirmed unambiguously by single‐crystal X‐Ray crystallography. The cyclophanyl imidazole ligands can be readily transformed to showcase their useful utility in preparing N,C‐palladacycles through regioselective ortho‐palladation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Stahlberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Noah Schwarz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jens Hohmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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49
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Microwave‐assisted
Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé
multicomponent reaction to synthesize imidazo fused heterocycles via in‐situ generated isocyanides from
N
‐formylamines: An undergraduate organic laboratory experiment. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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50
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Nayebzadeh B, Amiri K, Khosravi H, Mirzaei S, Rominger F, Dar'in D, Krasavin M, Bijanzadeh HR, Balalaie S. Synthesis of Spiro[chromene-imidazo[1,2- a]pyridin]-3'-imines via 6- exo-dig Cyclization Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13693-13701. [PMID: 34529434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free postmodification of the Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé (GBB) reaction for the synthesis of spiro[chromene-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin]-3'-imine was discovered. The unusual transformation represents the first example of activation and the reaction of the imidazole carbon atom. In this postcondensational modification, KOt-Bu acts as a base, which, after the isomerization of an alkyne moiety to allene, causes the next unique nucleophilic reaction of the imidazole carbon atom that results in spirocyclic structures. The proposed reaction mechanism was confirmed based on the DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Nayebzadeh
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697, Iran
| | - Kamran Amiri
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697, Iran
| | - Hormoz Khosravi
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697, Iran
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Hamid Reza Bijanzadeh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 19697, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran 19697, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah, Kermanshah 67155, Iran
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