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Souza JPA, Bandeira PT, Bergmann J, Zarbin PHG. Recent advances in the synthesis of insect pheromones: an overview from 2013 to 2022. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:866-889. [PMID: 36820746 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00068g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 to June 2022Pheromones are usually produced by insects in sub-microgram amounts, which prevents the elucidation of their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Instead, a synthetic reference material is needed to confirm the structure of the natural compounds. In addition, the provision of synthetic pheromones enables large-scale field trials for the development of environmentally friendly pest management tools. Because of these potential applications in pest control, insect pheromones are attractive targets for the development of synthetic procedures and the synthesis of these intraspecific chemical messengers has been at the core of numerous research efforts in the field of pheromone chemistry. The present review is a quick reference guide for the syntheses of insect pheromones published from 2013 to mid-2022, listing the synthesized compounds and highlighting current methodologies in organic synthesis, such as carbon-carbon coupling reactions, organo-transition metal chemistry including ring-closing olefin metathesis, asymmetric epoxidations and dihydroxylations, and enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P A Souza
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil.
| | - Pamela T Bandeira
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil. .,Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avda. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jan Bergmann
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avda. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Paulo H G Zarbin
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19020, Curitiba 81531-990, PR, Brazil.
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Sharma A, Pandey SK. Organocatalyzed epoxidation in the total synthesis of (-)- trans-, (+)- trans- and (+)- cis-disparlures. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1514-1517. [PMID: 36691731 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A simple, flexible and efficient organocatalyzed synthetic approach for the synthesis of (-)-trans-, (+)-trans- and (+)-cis-disparlures has been described. The pivotal reaction sequence comprises organocatalyzed asymmetric Jørgensen epoxidation, Wittig olefination, migration of epoxide and Mitsunobu inversion reaction. Excellent enantiomeric purity (≥99%) was achieved during the synthesis of disparlure enantiomers by the Jørgensen epoxidation key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Satyendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Pinnelli GR, Plettner E. Design and Synthesis of Fluorophore-Tagged Disparlure Enantiomers to Study Pheromone Enantiomer Discrimination in the Pheromone-Binding Proteins from the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:312-322. [PMID: 34633629 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent analogues of the gypsy moth sex pheromone (+)-disparlure (1) and its enantiomer (-)-disparlure (ent-1) were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The fluorescently labelled analogues 6-FAM (+)-disparlure and 1a 6-FAM (-)-disparlure ent-1a were prepared by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition of disparlure alkyne and 6-FAM azide. These fluorescent disparlure analogues 1a and ent-1a were used to measure disparlure binding to two pheromone-binding proteins from the gypsy moth, LdisPBP1 and LdisPBP2. The fluorescence binding assay showed that LdisPBP1 has a stronger affinity for 6-FAM (-)-disparlure ent-1a, whereas LdisPBP2 has a stronger affinity for 6-FAM (+)-disparlure 1a, consistent with findings from previous studies with disparlure enantiomers. The 6-FAM disparlure enantiomers appeared to be much stronger ligands for LdisPBPs, with binding constants (Kd) in the nanomolar range, compared to the fluorescent reporter 1-NPN (which had Kd values in the micromolar range). Fluorescence competitive binding assays were used to determine the displacement constant (Ki) for the disparlure enantiomers in competition with fluorescent disparlure analogues binding to LdisPBP1 and LdisPBP2. The Ki data show that disparlure enantiomers can effectively displace the fluorescent disparlure from the binding pocket of LdisPBPs and, therefore, occupy the same binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardhana R Pinnelli
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Erika Plettner
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Terrado M, Okon M, McIntosh LP, Plettner E. Ligand- and pH-Induced Structural Transition of Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar Pheromone-Binding Protein 1 (LdisPBP1). Biochemistry 2020; 59:3411-3426. [PMID: 32877603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are small, water-soluble proteins found in the lymph of pheromone-sensing hairs. PBPs are essential in modulating pheromone partitioning in the lymph and at pheromone receptors of olfactory sensory neurons. The function of a PBP is associated with its ability to structurally convert between two conformations. Although mechanistic details remain unclear, it has been proposed that the structural transition between these forms is affected by two factors: pH and the presence or absence of ligand. To better understand the PBP conformational transition, the structure of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) LdisPBP1 was elucidated at pH 4.5 and 35 °C using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, the effects of sample pH and binding of the species' pheromone, (+)-disparlure, (7R,8S)-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane, and its enantiomer were monitored via 15N HSQC spectroscopy. LdisPBP1 in acidic conditions has seven helices, with its C-terminal residues forming the seventh helix within the pheromone-binding pocket and its N-terminal residues disordered. Under conditions where this conformation is made favorable, free LdisPBP1 would have limited ligand binding capacity due to the seventh helix occupying the internal binding pocket. Our findings suggest that even in the presence of 4-fold ligand at acidic pH, LdisPBP1 is only ∼60% in its pheromone-bound form. Furthermore, evidence of a different LdisPBP1 form is seen at higher pH, with the transition pH between 5.6 and 6.0. This suggests that LdisPBP1 at neutral pH exists as a mixture of at least two conformations. These findings have implications concerning the PBP ligand binding and release mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailyn Terrado
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Erika Plettner
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Drop A, Wojtasek H, Frąckowiak-Wojtasek B. Synthesis of disparlure and monachalure enantiomers from 2,3-butanediacetals. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:616-620. [PMID: 32280390 PMCID: PMC7136567 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-Butanediacetal derivatives were used for the stereoselective synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted cis-epoxides. The procedure was applied for the preparation of both enantiomers of disparlure and monachalure, the components of the sex pheromones of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha) using methyl (2S,3R,5R,6R)-3-ethylsulfanylcarbonyl-5,6-dimethoxy-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2-carboxylate as the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drop
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland.,ZWP EMITOR S.C., ul. Olimpijska 6, 45-681 Opole, Poland
| | - Hubert Wojtasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
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Abstract
Diverse syntheses of disparlure and its stereoisomers and analogues encompassing various strategies are compiled in this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A. Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Ashvin J. Gangani
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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