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Nagar R, Suwalka D, Malviya BK, Verma VP, Jassal AK, Sharma S. Electrochemical Post-Ugi Cyclization for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Spirolactams. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13977-13994. [PMID: 37695028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of the Ugi reaction and electro-organic synthesis can aid in the creation of novel heterocycles that have not been previously explored. In this study, a new strategy utilizing bis-amides from the Ugi reaction has been developed, which can produce C-S, C-Se, and C-C═O functionalized five-membered spirolactams mediated by electricity under catalyst- and metal-free conditions. Notably, this approach can be applied using a microelectro-flow reactor (μ-EFR) for gram-scale synthesis. The described strategy can synthesize complex azaspiro-fused tricyclic scaffolds with high diastereo- and regioselectivity, highlighting its versatility and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Nagar
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Suwalka
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | | | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Niwai-Jodhpuriya Road, Vanasthali 304022, India
| | - Amanpreet Kaur Jassal
- Department of Chemistry, U.G.C. Centre of Advance Studies in Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
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2
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MIZUHATA M, UEDA M. History of ECSJ Journal Series and Introduction of Award Winners in 2022. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Nakayama K, Kamiya H, Okada Y. Radical cation Diels–Alder reactions of arylidene cycloalkanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1100-1106. [PMID: 36105722 PMCID: PMC9443414 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TiO2 photoelectrochemical and electrochemical radical cation Diels–Alder reactions of arylidene cycloalkanes are described, leading to the construction of spiro ring systems. Although the mechanism remains an open question, arylidene cyclobutanes are found to be much more effective in the reaction than other cycloalkanes. Since the reaction is completed with a substoichiometric amount of electricity, a radical cation chain pathway is likely to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaii Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kamiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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4
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Okamoto K, Shida N, Morizumi H, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Oxidation Potential Gap (ΔE ox ): The Hidden Parameter in Redox Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206064. [PMID: 35610179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative biaryl coupling of aryls with different electronic features generally fails. However, this has not been systematically studied via theoretical analysis, and thus, the crucial factor governing coupling efficiency remains unclear. Herein, we propose that the "oxidation potential gap (ΔEox )" is a key parameter in predicting the efficiency of an intramolecular oxidative coupling reaction, with ΔEox defined as a difference in the oxidation potentials of the relevant aromatic rings. Our experimental and computational analyses revealed that the efficiency of an aromatic intramolecular coupling reaction correlates with the activation energy (ΔE≠ ) of C-C bond formation of the radical cation intermediates. Furthermore, ΔE≠ correlates with ΔEox . Therefore, we demonstrate the tuning of ΔEox by attaching cleavable extra electron-donating/-withdrawing groups, enabling the rational synthesis of a phenanthridone skeleton using aromatic rings with an electronic gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Department of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Morizumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Okamoto K, Shida N, Morizumi H, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Oxidation Potential Gap (ΔEox): The Hidden Parameter in Redox Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Naoki Shida
- Yokohama National University: Yokohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Department of Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Haruka Morizumi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Department of Applied Biological Science JAPAN
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: Tokyo Noko Daigaku Applied Biological Science 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509 Tokyo JAPAN
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SHIDA N. Electrosynthesis Governed by Electrolyte: Case Studies that Give Some Hints for the Rational Design of Electrolyte. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki SHIDA
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yokohama National University
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7
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Okamoto K, Tsutsui M, Morizumi H, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Electrochemical Synthesis of Imino‐
C
‐Nucleosides by “Reactivity Switching” Methodology for
in situ
Generated Glycoside Donors. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Mizuki Tsutsui
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Haruka Morizumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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Okada Y. Synthetic Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2223-2238. [PMID: 33769685 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of synthetic organic chemistry, photochemical and electrochemical approaches are often considered to be competing technologies that induce single electron transfer (SET). Recently, their fusion, i. e., the "photoelectrochemical" approach, has become the focus of attention. In this approach, both solar and electrical energy are used in creative combinations. Historically, the term "photoelectrochemistry" has been used in more inorganic fields, where a photovoltaic effect exhibited by semiconducting materials is employed. Semiconductors have also been studied intensively as photocatalysts; however, they recently have taken a back seat to molecular photocatalysts. In this account, we would like to revisit semiconductor photocatalysts in the field of synthetic organic chemistry to demonstrate that semiconductor "photoelectrochemical" approaches are more than mere alternatives to molecular photochemical and/or electrochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
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Kehl A, Schupp N, Breising VM, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of Carbazoles by Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2020; 26:15847-15851. [PMID: 32737905 PMCID: PMC7756279 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A constant current protocol, employing undivided cells, a remarkably low supporting electrolyte concentration, inexpensive electrode materials, and a straightforward precursor synthesis enabling a novel access to N‐protected carbazoles by anodic N,C bond formation using directly generated amidyl radicals is reported. Scalability of the reaction is demonstrated and an easy deblocking of the benzoyl protecting group is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kehl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valentina M Breising
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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OKADA Y. Redox-Neutral Radical-Cation Reactions: Multiple Carbon–Carbon Bond Formations Enabled by Single-Electron Transfer. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei OKADA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Okamoto K, Chiba K. Electrochemical Total Synthesis of Pyrrolophenanthridone Alkaloids: Controlling the Anodically Initiated Electron Transfer Process. Org Lett 2020; 22:3613-3617. [PMID: 32286833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical intramolecular C(sp2)-H cross-coupling and dehydrogenative indole synthesis were developed. Both reactions were initiated by anodic oxidation of the same electron-rich indoline moiety, but the product selectivity was controlled by different electron-transfer processes. Intramolecular cross-coupling was achieved by the generation of a strong electrophilic radical cation intermediate in the MeNO2-HFIP-LiClO4 system. Indole formation was accomplished through benzylic oxidation and continuous deprotonation. We applied these reactions to the total synthesis of natural pyrrolophenanthridone alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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