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Delbrouck JA, Murza A, Diachenko I, Ben Jamaa A, Devi R, Larose A, Chamberland S, Malouin F, Boudreault PL. From garden to lab: C-3 chemical modifications of tomatidine unveil broad-spectrum ATP synthase inhibitors to combat bacterial resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115886. [PMID: 37924710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is escalating alarmingly worldwide. Bacterial resistance mechanisms are surfacing and proliferating across the globe, jeopardizing our capacity to manage prevalent infectious illnesses. Without drastic measures, we risk entering a post-antibiotic era, where even trivial infections and injuries can cause death again. In this context, we have developed a new class of antibiotics based on tomatidine (TO), a natural product derived from tomato plants, with a novel mode of action by targeting bacterial ATP synthases. The first generation of compounds proved highly specific for small-colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus. However, optimization of this scaffold through extensive structure-activity relationship studies has enabled us to broaden its effectiveness to include both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, the results showed that specific C3-modification of TO could improve ATP synthase inhibition and also bypass the outer membrane barrier of Gram-negative bacteria to gain substantial growth inhibition including against multi-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A Delbrouck
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, QC, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, QC, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Iryna Diachenko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, QC, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdelkhalek Ben Jamaa
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, QC, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Runjun Devi
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, QC, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Larose
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Chamberland
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, QC, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, QC, Canada.
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, QC, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.
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Bergstrom BD, Merrill AT, Fettinger JC, Tantillo DJ, Shaw JT. Divergent Asymmetric Synthesis of Panowamycins, TM‐135, and Veramycin F Using C−H Insertion with Donor/Donor Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203072. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Bergstrom
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Davis One Shields Ave. Davis CA 95161 USA
| | - Amy T. Merrill
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Davis One Shields Ave. Davis CA 95161 USA
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Davis One Shields Ave. Davis CA 95161 USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Davis One Shields Ave. Davis CA 95161 USA
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Davis One Shields Ave. Davis CA 95161 USA
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Bailly C. The steroidal alkaloids α-tomatine and tomatidine: Panorama of their mode of action and pharmacological properties. Steroids 2021; 176:108933. [PMID: 34695457 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine (αTM) and its aglycone tomatidine (TD) are abundant in the skin of unripe green tomato and present in tomato leaves and flowers. They mainly serve as defensive agents to protect the plant against infections by insects, bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. In addition, the two products display a range of pharmacological properties potentially useful to treat various human diseases. We have analyzed all known pharmacological activities of αTM and TD, and the corresponding molecular targets and pathways impacted by these two steroidal alkaloids. In experimental models, αTM displays anticancer effects, particularly strong against androgen-independent prostate cancer, as well as robust antifungal effects. αTM is a potent cholesterol binder, useful as a vaccine adjuvant to improve delivery of protein antigens or therapeutic oligonucleotides. TD is a much less cytotoxic compound, able to restrict the spread of certain viruses (such as dengue, chikungunya and porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses) and to provide cardio and neuro-protective effects toward human cells. Both αTM and TD exhibit marked anti-inflammatory activities. They proceed through multiple signaling pathways and protein targets, including the sterol C24 methyltransferase Erg6 and vitamin D receptor, both directly targeted by TD. αTM is a powerful regulator of the NFkB/ERK signaling pathway implicated in various diseases. Collectively, the analysis shed light on the multitargeted action of αTM/TD and their usefulness as chemo-preventive or chemotherapeutic agents. A novel medicinal application for αTM is proposed.
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Concise Large-Scale Synthesis of Tomatidine, A Potent Antibiotic Natural Product. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196008. [PMID: 34641551 PMCID: PMC8512692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomatidine has recently generated a lot of interest amongst the pharmacology, medicine, and biology fields of study, especially for its newfound activity as an antibiotic agent capable of targeting multiple strains of bacteria. In the light of its low natural abundance and high cost, an efficient and scalable multi-gram synthesis of tomatidine has been developed. This synthesis uses a Suzuki-Miyaura-type coupling reaction as a key step to graft an enantiopure F-ring side chain to the steroidal scaffold of the natural product, which was accessible from low-cost and commercially available diosgenin. A Lewis acid-mediated spiroketal opening followed by an azide substitution and reduction sequence is employed to generate the spiroaminoketal motif of the natural product. Overall, this synthesis produced 5.2 g in a single pass in 15 total steps and 15.2% yield using a methodology that is atom economical, scalable, and requires no flash chromatography purifications.
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