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Das R, Dutta R, Yi J, Qiu J, Krishna J, Tzafriri G, Lin Z, Thayumanavan S. Intramolecular Electrostatic Interactions Regulate Reactivity of Zwitterionic Functionalities in Amphiphilic Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405868. [PMID: 38977413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The consequences of intramolecular ionic interactions in determining the reactivity of functional groups are of interest because they provide insights into how nature deploys seemingly reactive functionalities to be rather ubiquitous. Of specific interest are the quaternary ammonium ions in lipids. In this work, we investigate the effect of intramolecular electrostatic interactions in zwitterionic functionalities by judiciously incorporating them as leaving groups at the α-position of α,β-unsaturated ester-based lipid head groups. We find that electrostatic stabilization indeed plays a critical role in both the reaction kinetics with nucleophiles and the thermodynamics of lipid formation. We further leverage these findings to fabricate both triggerable assembly and disassembly of liposomal supramolecular assemblies in the presence of nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Ranit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Centre for Bioactive Delivery-Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Jithu Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Gideon Tzafriri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Zhou Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Centre for Bioactive Delivery-Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Zanetti D, Matuszewska O, Giorgianni G, Pezzetta C, Demitri N, Bonifazi D. Photoredox Annulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. JACS AU 2023; 3:3045-3054. [PMID: 38034957 PMCID: PMC10685425 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The rise of interest in using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and molecular graphenoids in optoelectronics has recently stimulated the growth of modern synthetic methodologies giving access to intramolecular aryl-aryl couplings. Here, we show that a radical-based annulation protocol allows expansion of the planarization approaches to prepare functionalized molecular graphenoids. The enabler of this reaction is peri-xanthenoxanthene, the photocatalyst which undergoes photoinduced single electron transfer with an ortho-oligoarylenyl precursor bearing electron-withdrawing and nucleofuge groups. Dissociative electron transfer enables the formation of persistent aryl radical intermediates, the latter undergoing intramolecular C-C bond formation, allowing the planarization reaction to occur. The reaction conditions are mild and compatible with various electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents on the aryl rings as well as heterocycles and PAHs. The method could be applied to induce double annulation reactions, allowing the synthesis of π-extended scaffolds with different edge peripheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zanetti
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliwia Matuszewska
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
| | - Giuliana Giorgianni
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristofer Pezzetta
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra—Sincrotrone
Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5
in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Patil DV, Ramesh K, Kim HY, Oh K. Visible-Light-Promoted Aryl Cation Formation: Aromatic S N1 Reactions of Areneazo-2-(2-nitro)propanes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7204-7208. [PMID: 37737122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The visible light excitation of areneazo-2-(2-nitro)propane·HCl salts generated the singlet aryl cation that readily underwent aromatic SN1 reactions with a variety of nucleophiles. The in situ generated singlet aryl cation was stabilized by a counter nitronate anion that prevented other intersystem crossing and single electron transfer processes. With the improved safety features of neutral areneazo-2-(2-nitro)propane derivatives, the current visible-light-promoted aromatic SN1 reactions provide an alternative aryl Csp2-X bond forming strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip V Patil
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Karu Ramesh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Galathri EM, Di Terlizzi L, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Kokotos CG. Friedel-Crafts arylation of aldehydes with indoles utilizing arylazo sulfones as the photoacid generator. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:365-369. [PMID: 36512428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A versatile, inexpensive and sustainable protocol for the preparation of valuable bis-indolyl methanes via visible light-mediated, metal-free Friedel-Crafts arylation has been developed. The procedure, that exploits the peculiar behavior of arylazo sulfones as non-ionic photoacid generators (PAGs), was applied to the conversion of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into diarylmethanes in good to highly satisfactory yields, employing a low-catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) and irradiation at 456 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Aryldiazonium salts can serve as nitrogen-based Lewis acid catalysts and their applications in the formation of photoactive charge transfer complexes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hong ZS, Kao SC, Cheng YT, Chen CJ, Wu YK. Photoinduced arylation of chloroarenes in flow: synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8212-8216. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01710e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A photoflow cross-coupling reaction of unactivated arenes and aryl chlorides is developed for the synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Siang Hong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsen Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ku Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Chmiel AF, Williams OP, Chernowsky CP, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Non-innocent Radical Ion Intermediates in Photoredox Catalysis: Parallel Reduction Modes Enable Coupling of Diverse Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10882-10889. [PMID: 34255971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that elicits potent photoreductant activity from conventional photocatalysts by leveraging radical anion intermediates generated in situ. The combination of an isophthalonitrile photocatalyst and sodium formate promotes diverse aryl radical coupling reactions from abundant but difficult to reduce aryl chloride substrates. Mechanistic studies reveal two parallel pathways for substrate reduction both enabled by a key terminal reductant byproduct, carbon dioxide radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyah F Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Colleen P Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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